Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory is

Answer 1

The retention of information and experiences over time

Question 2

The three processes involved in memory

Answer 2

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

The first step in the memory process. Gets information into storage

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

Retaining information over time

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

Taking information out of storage

Question 6

Encoding requires?

Answer 6

Attention. But the attention must be selective

Question 7

Memory is negatively influenced by?

Answer 7

Divided attention

Question 8

Theory of levels processing / Levels of processing

Answer 8

Information is processed from shallow (sensory or physical features)
To intermediate (labels are attached to stimuli)
To deep (meaning of the stimuli and their associations with other stimuli are processed)

Question 9

Deeper processing produces?

Answer 9

Better memory

Question 10

Elaboration

Answer 10

Deeper processing when we make connections between new information and old

Question 11

What can improve memory?

Answer 11

Using imagery, or mental pictures, as a context for information

Question 12

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Answer 12

Describes memory as a three stage process: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory

Question 13

Sensory memory

Answer 13

Holds perceptions of the world for only an instance

Question 14

Short term memory

Answer 14

This is information from sensory memory that is attended to and passed on to be short-term memory. Limited capacity and retains information for 30 seconds.

Can last longer if strategies are used

Question 15

Working memory is a combination of?

Answer 15

Short term memory and attention

Question 16

Long term memory

Answer 16

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long time

Question 17

Long-term memory has two main components

Answer 17

Explicit and implicit memory

Question 18

Explicit memory (Declarative)

Answer 18

The conscious recollection of information such as specific facts or events

Question 19

Implicit memory (Nondeclarative)

Answer 19

Affects behavior through prior experiences that are not consciously recollected

Question 20

Explicit memory has two dimensions

Answer 20

Episodic memory and semantic memory

Question 21

Implicit memory is multidimensional

Answer 21

Includes systems for procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning

Question 22

Memories are not?

Answer 22

Stored in single locations of the brain

Question 23

Memories are considered as?

Answer 23

Networks of neurons that represent pathways and that are activated when we remember

Question 24

The areas of the brain that are active when we remember?

Answer 24

Depends on what we are remembering

Question 25

Serial position effect

Answer 25

The tendency to recall items at the beginning and the end of a list better than the middle items

Question 26

Primacy effect

Answer 26

Tendency to recall items at the beginning of the list better than the middle item

Question 27

Recency effect

Answer 27

Tendency to remember the items at the end of the list better than the middle items

Question 28

Retrieval is easier when?

Answer 28

Effective cues are present Another factor in effective retrieval is the nature of the retrieval task

Question 29

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 29

Information present at the time of encoding in learning tends to be effective as a retrieval cue

Question 30

Tip-of-the-tounge phenomenon

Answer 30

When we cannot pull something out of memory

Question 31

Autobiographical memory

Answer 31

A person’s recollections of his or her life experiences

Question 32

Autobiographical memory has three levels

Answer 32

Life time periods, general events, event-specific knowledge

Question 33

Emotional memories may be

Answer 33

Vivid and enduring

Question 34

Memory for personal trauma is

Answer 34

More accurate than memory for ordinary events but is subject to distortion and inaccuracy

Question 35

Personal trauma can cause individuals to?

Answer 35

Repress emotionally laden information so that it is not accessible to consciousness

Question 36

Repression

Answer 36

Forgetting a particularly troubling experience because it would be too upsetting to remeber

Question 37

Eyewitness testimony

Answer 37

May contain errors due to memory decay or bias

Question 38

Information can be attended to through?

Answer 38

Divided attention and sustained attention

Question 39

Divided attention

Answer 39

Trying to pay attention to more than one thing

Question 40

Sustained attention

Answer 40

Paying attention to something for a longer period of time

Question 41

Levels of processing

Answer 41

Indicates how deeply you are processing the information you are attending

Question 42

Episodic memory

Answer 42

Memory that stores your life memories. Like an autobiographical

Question 43

Semantic memory

Answer 43

Memory that includes knowledge. (Studying for a test)

Question 44

Priming (Implicit)

Answer 44

The activation of information stored in memory to help remember new information better

Question 45

Memory is organized through?

Answer 45

Schema

Question 46

Schema

Answer 46

Preexisting mental concepts that help organize and interpret information from experience Ex: A script is a schema for an event that provides information about what to expect and how to act

Question 47

Parallel distributed processing

Answer 47

Brain connections and neural networks work together to process each memory

Question 48

Flashbulb memory

Answer 48

An emotionally charged memory, often recalled vividly

Question 49

Motivated forgetting

Answer 49

Forgetting something very painful or fear-invoking because it is too unpleasant to remember

Question 50

Interference theory

Answer 50

People forget because other information gets in the way

Question 51

Proactive interference

Answer 51

Occurs when new information is disrupted by previously stored information

Question 52

Retroactive interference

Answer 52

New information disrupts previously stored information

Question 53

Decay theory

Answer 53

When you learn something a memory trace is created but over time and disuse it disintegrates

Question 54

Retrospective memory

Answer 54

Remembering information from the past

Question 55

Prospective memory

Answer 55

Remembering something that is going to happen in the future

Question 56

Amnesia

Answer 56

The loss of memory

Question 57

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 57

An inability to retain new information in memory

Question 58

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 58

An inability to remember some past memories but not new experiences

Question 59

Ways to improve short-term memory

Answer 59

Chunking and Rehearsal

Question 60

False memories

Answer 60

Failure to distinguish real memories from self-generated thoughts. A memory can be false even when we are confident it is vivid and clear

Question 61

Emotional memories consist of

Answer 61

Flashbulb memories, traumatic events, and repressed memories

Question 62

Study tips

Answer 62

1. Give undivided attention 2. Process deeply 3. Make associations 4. Use Imagery 5. Use Chunking 6. Encode early and often