Chapter 8

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

How we process information as we remember, think, and know

Question 2

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 2

Focused on creating machines that can perform the tasks of humans that require cognition

Question 3

Thinking

Answer 3

Manipulating information in order to perform cognitive tasks

Question 4

Concepts

Answer 4

Manipulate information and create mental categories / concepts based on what the information is and how it relates to other information

Question 5

Prototype model

Answer 5

Relating information to other type of information that might be similar in order to categorize it

Question 6

Problem solving

Answer 6

Mental process used to find solutions to goals or problems

Question 7

Subgoals

Answer 7

In problem solving subgoals are intermediate goals created to help find a solution or complete a goal

Question 8

Algorithms

Answer 8

Strategies based on formulas that lead to a single answer to a problem

Question 9

Heuristics

Answer 9

Shortcut strategies that might not provide the best answer

Question 10

Fixation

Answer 10

Problem solver does not look at the problem from a new perspective

Question 11

Functional fixedness

Answer 11

Solver remains fixed on one specific function

Question 12

Reasoning

Answer 12

The processing of information to make a conclusion

Question 13

Inductive reasoning

Answer 13

Occurs as a solution is found by making generalizations from specific observation

Question 14

Deductive reasoning

Answer 14

Processing of general information to draw specific conclusions

Question 15

Confirmation bias

Answer 15

When we look for information in an event that goes along with our ideas and ignore information that does not

Question 16

Hindsight bias

Answer 16

When someone states that they knew something would happen as it did after it happens

Question 17

Availability heuristic

Answer 17

A prediction about how probable something is based on the information readily available at that time

Question 18

Base rate neglect

Answer 18

The tendency to ignore base information in favor of specific and more dramatic information

Question 19

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 19

Used to make judgements about a specific based in a general idea. Stereotyping falls under this heuristic

Question 20

Mindfulness

Answer 20

Occurs as someone is mentally aware of their thoughts and enviroment

Question 21

Open-mindedness

Answer 21

Being open to information

Question 22

Creativity

Answer 22

The ability to think beyond the usually expected thoughts or actions in a situation

Question 23

Divergent thinking

Answer 23

Occurs as someone comes up with multiple solutions to a problem

Question 24

Convergent thinking

Answer 24

Coming up with one best solution

Question 25

Intelligence

Answer 25

The ability to solve problems, adapt, and learn

Question 26

Mental age

Answer 26

The level of intelligence compared to what it should be at your age

Question 27

Intelligence quotient

Answer 27

Formulaic method of measuring intelligence

Question 28

Normal distribution

Answer 28

The bell-shaped curve showing where intelligence quotient scores fall

Question 29

Culture-fair tests

Answer 29

Intelligence tests that are sensitive to differences in culture and do not present bias

Question 30

Heritability

Answer 30

The proportion of differences observed in a group that are the result of the genes in each individual of the group

Question 31

Gifted

Answer 31

Individuals who possess a higher-than-average IQ score and/or superior talent in some area

Question 32

Intellectual disability / Intellectual development

Answer 32

Limited mental ability that impacts conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills

Question 33

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 33

Proposes that there are three forms of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical

Question 34

Language

Answer 34

Form of communication based on a system of symbols

Question 35

Phonology

Answer 35

The basic sound system of a language

Question 36

Morphology

Answer 36

The rules for word formation in a language

Question 37

Syntax

Answer 37

The rules for combining words into phrases and sentences in a language

Question 38

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 38

Occurs as one interprets events and experiences as dangerous in some way, and determines whether they have the resources to cope with them

Question 39

Coping

Answer 39

The practice of managing a difficult situation in order to solve and reduce stress

Question 40

Semantics

Answer 40

Meaning of words and sentences

Question 41

Pragmatics

Answer 41

Use of language

Question 42

Flynn effect

Answer 42

Intelligence scores have risen rapidly over the years