Chapter 5

Question 1

Germinal (Stage of Prenatal Dev.)

Answer 1

0-2 weeks

Question 2

Embryonic (Stage of Prenatal Dev.)

Answer 2

3-8 weeks

Question 3

Fetal (Stages of Prenatal Dev.)

Answer 3

9 weeks-birth

Question 4

Umbilical cord

Answer 4

nutrients to fetus, waste away from fetus

Question 5

Amniotic sac

Answer 5

surrounds fetus and holds fluid

Question 6

Amniotic fluid

Answer 6

cushions fetus, contains urine!

Question 7

Placenta

Answer 7

provides oxygen and nutrients, attached to uterine wall, filter

Question 8

Threats to Prenatal Development

Answer 8

• Teratogens: external substances that can damage fetus
  –Timing – critical / sensitive periods

Question 9

What did thalidomide do to babies?

Answer 9

Thalidomide created a range of disabilities in babies including shortening and absence of limbs, malformation of hands and digits, damage to ears and eyes, sensory impairment, facial disfigurement/palsy and damage to the brain, internal organs and skeletal structure.
-when it was taken from 4-6 weeks

Question 10

Teratogens

Answer 10

Amount – greater expose = more likely damage
Example: On one day, did I have a small amount or big something?

Question 11

Teratogens

Answer 11

Length
Example: Did I have the glass of wine on that one day, or did I have a glass of wine every week?
-when the baby is expose to something a continuous amount of time (length of development)

Question 12

Teratogens

Answer 12

Individual differences – certain genes may be more sensitive

Question 13

Teratogens

Answer 13

Sleeper Effects
-DES hormone

Question 14

Marijuana Use? -No

Answer 14

• Current recommendations: avoid while pregnant and breastfeeding
  – Preterm
  – Lower weight
  –Neurological – long term impact on memory and cognition, more
  anxiety, hold attention

Question 15

Marijuana Use? -No

Answer 15

• Disclaimers/limitations: confounding vars, when?
• Additional caution: legalization/usage & change in potency

Question 16

Marijuana Use? -No

Answer 16

• Effects on sperm? – sperm count, mobility, and viability; epigenetic changes

Question 17

Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions

Answer 17

• Early labor (up to 3 cm)
  – 8-12 hours
  – Mild contractions (30-45 sec, 5-30 min apart)

Question 18

Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions

Answer 18

• Active labor (3-7 cm)
  – 3-5 hours
  – Stronger contractions (45-60 sec, 3-5 min apart)

Question 19

Stage 1 Dilation and Contractions

Answer 19

• Transition (8-10 cm)
  – 30 min-2 hours
  – Long, intense contractions (60-90 sec, 30s-2 min apart)

Question 20

Stage 2 Delivery of Baby

Answer 20

• 20 min – 2+ hours
• 45-90 sec, 3-5 min apart
• Urge to push

Question 21

Stage 3 Delivery of Placenta

Answer 21

• 5-30 min

Question 22

Alternative methods

Answer 22

• Most focus in relaxing mother and helping manage pain
• Range of medical involvement
• Pain-reducing drugs
• Doulas

Question 23

Preemies

Answer 23

• Premature – born before 37 gestational weeks
• ~10% of pregnancies in US

Question 24

Preemies

Answer 24

• Risk Factors
  –Twins/triplets
  – Smoking
  – Stress

Question 25

Preemies

Answer 25

* Underdeveloped – Physically (size, organ function, etc.) –Neurologically

Question 26

Preemies

Answer 26

* NICU care – Isolette/Incubator –Temp/moisture regulated – Feeding – difficulty sucking or swallowing – Breathing

Question 27

Kangaroo Care

Answer 27

* Weight gain and brain growth * Respiration Rate * Temp regulation * Promotes better sleep * Increased odds of breastfeeding * Decreases parental stress

Question 28

Breastfeeding

Answer 28

* Infants: – reduced risk for diabetes, childhood obesity, SIDS –Antibodies – Preemies– helps maintain immune system (may need to pump) – Composition changes * when sick * morning to night (ex. melatonin) * Moms: reduced risk diabetes, certain breast cancer, ovarian cancer * Plus it’s free!

Question 29

Fetal Learning and behavior

Answer 29

* Swallowing and “Breathing” * Tactile stimulation * Responds to mom’s voice – heart decelerates * Prefer sweet * Prefer mom’s smells