Chapter 1&3 Flashcards
Quantitative Change
-Changes in the amount or quality of what you are measuring
* Changes in amount
* Continuous
* Examples:
*Height
*# of words
Qualitative Change
-that alter the overall quality of a process or function, and the result is something altogether different
* Changes in form
*Discontinuous
* Examples
* Taking things literally
(Another One Bites the Dust)
* Crawling to walking
Multifinality
different pathways can result in the same outcome
Niche Picking
You choose the environment that suits your genes.
Operational Definition
-the definition of a variable in terms of the actual procedures used by the researcher to measure and/or manipulate it.
*Describing variables in a clear way
*Allow for others to replicate
Replication
- Replication – re-run studies to confirm results
- Importance of clear methodology and analysis
- Why does this matter?
- Policy
- Medicine
What is the Replication crisis?
Why is it happening?
- Researchers unable to
reproduce results
Reliability
consistency
Validity
accuracy (are we
measuring what we are
intending to measure)
Which of the following is a true statement?
You must have reliability to have validity
Experiment
- Allows us the ability to infer
causation - Experimental & Control groups
or conditions - Holding everything else
constant (ideally) - If there is a difference, it is
due to condition/group
Quasi Experiment
*Attempts to establish cause and
effect
*Uses pre-existing
groups/differences
*Not randomly assigned
Correlational Study
▪ NO cause & effect established!
▪The direction and strength of the correlation are indicated
by a statistic called a correlation coefficient
Correlation
r = +.37
Statistical
mathematical indication that the
results are likely not due to chance
Practical
the findings are meaningful
Effect size
a statistical measure of how big the difference is
Cross-sectional design
Different groups
at same time
Group A (20-years old)
Group B (50-years old)
Group C (80-years old)
Longitudinal design
Same groups at different time
Group A (20-years old)
Time 1
Group B (50-years old)
Time 2
Group C (80-years old)
Time 3
Sequential Design
is a combination of both a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design. Using a sequential design, we study several cohorts, or age groups, over a long period of time.
Microgenetic Design
in this design the term genetics refers to genesis or the beginning of a behavior not to the action of our genes.
Ethics in Psychological Research
- Informed Consent
- Voluntary Participation
- Opportunity to Withdraw
- Use of Deception
- Protection from Harm and Discomfort
- Confidentiality
- Debriefing
- Assent - children
Children must provide?
assent
Nature
genetic inheritance “born this way”
