Chapter 5 Flashcards by Caroline Bamford

Types of Connective Tissues in the Skeletal system (3)

1) Bone
2) Ligaments
3) Cartilage

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Hard elements in the skelaton

Bone

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Dense fibrous connective tissue, attach bones to other bones

Ligaments

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Specialized connective tissue, fibers of collagen and elastic in gel-like ground substance (matrix)

Cartilage

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Living tissue containing several types of cells involved in forming and remodeling

Bones

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Bones have a hard rigid appearance due to

extra-cellular crystals of calcium minerals

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5 Functions of Bones

1) Support
2) Protect
3) Movement
4) Blood Cell Formation
5) Mineral storage

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Minerals stored in bones (2)

1) Calcium
2) Phosphate

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Hard inorganic matrix of calcium salts

Bone

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Part of bone, forms shafts and ends, contains marrow space (yellow bone marrow)

Compact bone

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Part of bone, contains marrow space

Compact bone

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Marrow space contains

Yellow bone marrow (mostly fats)

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Part of bone, contains red bone marrow

Spongey (cancellous) Bone

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Spongey bone aka

Cancellous

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Part of bone, trabeculae supports, stem cells porduce rbc, wbc, and platelets

Spongey (cancellous) Bone

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In marrow, help for blood clots

Platelets

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Part of bone, connective tissue covering

Periosteum

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Growth Plates

Physis

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Cells in the Bone (4)

1) Chondroblasts
2) Osteoblasts
3) Osteocytes
4) Osteoclasts

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Types of Bones (4)

1) Long
2) Short
3) Flat
4) Irregular

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Hold bones together, attach bone to bone, enable movement and provide strength to joints, made of dense fibrous connective tissue

Ligaments

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ACL is an example of a

Ligament

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Provides support to bone

Cartilage

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Attach muscle to bone

Tendon

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Types of Cartilage (3)

1) Fibrocartilage 2) Hyaline 3)Elastic Cartilage

Type of Cartilage, thick

Fibro Cartilage

Type of Cartilage, thin and smooth

Hyaline Cartilage

Type of Cartilage, forms embryonic structure (late forms bones)

Hyaline

Type of Cartilage, covers and protects the ends of long bones and joints (protects and reduces friction)

Hyaline

Type of Cartilage, mostly flexible, elastin fibers

Elastic

Intervertebral disks and menisci in knees are an example of what type of cartilage

Fibro

When does bone development begin

In the embryo

Cartilage forming cells

Chondroblasts

Hyaline cartilage formation (by chondroblasts) in 0-2 months of life is a

Model of future bone

Replace cartilage with bone

Osteoblasts

Cartilage starts to dissolve and periosteum starts to develop during

Later fetal development (after 2-3 months)

Blood vessels transport ____to form periosteum during later fetal development

osteoblasts

Primary and secondary ossification sites formed during

Childhood

Hardening of the bones

Ossification

Crystals that deposit to form bone

hydroxyapatite

Elongation of growth plates happens during

Adolescence

Compact bone contains this type of cell

Osteocytes

Bone development is regulated by

Hormones

Hormones involved in bone development

Estrogen and Testosterone

Skeleton derived from greek word meaning

"Dried up"

The only place where bones can grow

Growth plates

In growth plates, younger cartilage cells...

Multiply

In growth plates, older cartilage cells...

surround themselves with minerals and harden into bone

In growth plates, cells shrink and create space, attract osteoblasts

Yes

Osteons

Haversian Systems

Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft

Haversian Systems

Orderly bundles of cylindrical units in the shaft

Osteons

In the center of Osteon, contains blood vessels and sometimes a nerve

Haversian Canal

Bone homeostasis depends on the balance of

Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity

Increase overall bone mass and strength

Weight-bearing exercise

Dependent on diet, exercise, and age

Bone remodeling

Loss of bone mass due to prolonged imbalance of osteo blast/ clast activity (osteoclasts more active)

Osteoporosis

Electrical currents in bones are caused by

Compressive Stress

Electrical currents stimulate

Osteoblasts (bone building cells)

Bone is ___ in areas of low compressive stress

Reabsorbed

High compressive stress yeilds ____ osteoblast activity and ___ bones

high, Strong

Cartilage forming cells

Chondroblasts

Young bone forming cells

Osteoblasts

Mature bone cells

Osteocytes

Bone dissolving cells

Osteoclasts

Hormone, stimulates osteoclasts to secrete more bone dissolving enzymes

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Hormone, causes bones to break down and release Calcium into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis

PTH

Hormone, secreted when there are low calcium levels in the bloodstream

PTH

Hormone stimulates osteoblasts to add calcium and phosphate to the bone to maintain homeostasis

Calcitonin

Hormone, secreted when there are high levels of calcium in the bloodstream

Calcitonin

How many bones in the human adult body

206

Blood clot, forms at site of bone fracture within 6-8 hours

Hematoma

Repair fractured bones

Fibroblasts

Remove dead damaged bone and remnants of hematoma

Osteoclasts

Forms at site of fracture by chondroblasts, 2-3 weeks after fracture

Fibrocartilage Callus

Limbs and fingers are what type of bone

Long

Wrist bones are what type of bone

Short

Cranial, sternum and ribs are what type of bone

Flat

Coaxial, vertebrae, pelvic are what type of bone

Irregular

Provide flexible movement of many parts of the body

Joints

Bone stores which minerals

Calcium and Phosphate

The formation of blood cells happen here

Bone marrow

Supports and protects soft organs

Bone

Skeleton organized into two groups

1) Axial 2) Appendicular

Skeleton of midline of body

Axial

Skeleton of the bones of the appendages and their attachment structures

Appendicular

Structures that attach appendages to the body

Girdles

Girdle that attaches arms to body

Pectoral girdle

Girdle that attaches the legs to the body

Pelvic girdle

Attachment for muscles of the tongue, larynx, and pharynx

Hyoid Bone

Top jaw bone

Top Jaw

Lower jaw bone

Mandible

The only facial bone that moves

Mandible

Air spaces with cranial and facial bones

Sinuses

Hole in the skull that attaches the neck to the head

Foramen Magnum

Protects spinal cord

Vertebral Column

Regions of the Vertebral Column

1) Cervical 2) Thoracic 3) Lumbar 4) Sacral 5) Coccygeal

Region of the Vertebral Column, neck, 7 v

Cervical

Region of the Vertebral Column, chest, 12 v

Thoracic

Region of the Vertebral Column, small of back, 5v

Lumbar

Region of the Vertebral Column, sacrum, 5v

Sacral

Region of the Vertebral Column, coccyx, 4v

Coccygeal

Cushion vertebrae, assist in movement and felxibility

Intervertebral disks

How many ribs are "floating"

attached to vertebrae but NOT attached to sternum

Floating ribs

foot bones

metatarsals

lower leg bones

tibia, fibula

small leg bone

fibula

upper arm bone

humerous

knee

patella

thigh

femur

ankle

tarsal bones

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Exam 2 (112 cards)