Chapter 2 Flashcards
Exam 1 (84 cards)
1
Q
What is the specific name of a substance that can counteract changes to pH?
A
Buffer
2
Q
The making or breaking of chemical bonds
A
Chemical Reactions
3
Q
The formation of larger, more complex molecules. Requires (takes energy- endothermic)
A
Anabolic Reaction
4
Q
Takes and uses energy
A
Endothermic
5
Q
Releases energy
A
Exothermic
5
Q
Breaks bonds in large molecules to farm smaller parts. (Releases energy- exothermic)
A
Catabolic Reaction
6
Q
All chemical reactions in a cell
A
Metabolism
7
Q
Parts of a chemical equasion
A
Products and Reactants
8
Q
Measure of acidity or basicity (alkalinity)
A
PH Scale
9
Q
High PH
A
Base (Alkaline)
10
Q
Low PH
A
Acid
11
Q
0-7 PH
A
Acidic
12
Q
7-14
A
Alkaline
13
Q
7 PH
A
Neutral
14
Q
Solution that resists changes in PH when acids or bases are added to it
A
Buffer
15
Q
Large molecules used by all organisms
A
Organic macromolecules
16
Q
Basic building blocks of macromolecules
A
Monomers
17
Q
4 Macromolecules used by all organisms
A
- Lipids 2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4) Nucleic Acids
18
Q
Type of lipid, important component of cell membranes
A
Phospholipids
19
Q
Type of lipid, important part of some prokaryotes cell walls
A
Waxes
20
Q
Type of lipid, for cell membrane fluidity and a component of the endocrine system
A
Steroids
21
Q
Type of lipid, primarily used for energy
A
Fats (triglycerides)
21
Q
Fat, Has no double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails
A
Saturated Fats
22
Q
Has more than one double bonds between carbons in fatty acid tails
A
Unsaturated Fats
23
Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccahrides 2)Disaccharides 3)Polysaccharides
23
Fat, typically found in plants, liquid at room temp
Unsaturated Fats
23
Fat, typically found in animals, solid at room temp
Saturated Fats
24
The monomer of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
25
Types of monosaccahrides
Glucose and Fructose
26
Simple sugars, used for quick energy
Monosaccharides
27
Two simple sugars linked together, body can break up
Disaccharides
28
Type of disaccahride (Fructose+ Glucose)
Sucrose
29
Three or more sugars together form a
Polysaccharide
30
Storage of energy, converted into amino acids, cell communication, energy source, backbone of nucleic acid, form cell wall (FUNCTIONS OF which Macromolecule..)
Carbohydrates
31
Unsaturated fat that has been pumped with hydrogen to turn it into a Saturated Fat and turns it solid (vegan butter)
Hydrogenated Fat
32
Water fearing, does not dissolve in water
Hydrophobic
33
Water loving
Hydrophilic
34
A circular structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells
Micelles
35
A line structure that phospholipids form in water, with heads and tails to control what enters and exits cells
Bilayer
36
Controls what exists and enters cell
Cell Membrane
37
Bacteria surround themselves in this for survival
Wax
38
A type of steroid
Cholesterol
39
Long term energy storage of humans and animls
Glycogen
40
Long term energy storage of plants
Starch
41
Hormone that stimulates glycogen formation (takes glucose from blood and stores it) (to lower blood sugar)
Insulin
42
Hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (to raise blood sugar)
Glucagon
43
Stimulates release of Insulin
High blood sugar
44
Stimulates release of Glucagon
Low blood sugar
45
Signals cells to take glucose out of blood as glycogen (energy storage)
Insulin
46
Signals release of glucose into blood by breaking down glycogen (energy storage)
Glucagon
47
Blood sugar adjustment through hormones is an example of...
Homeostasis
48
Polysaccharide found in plants, humans cannot break down (cellulose)
Fiber
49
Cell structure, enzymes, regulation, transportation, immune system defense and offense (Are functions of what macromolecule)
Protein
50
Monomers of proteins
Amino Acids
51
Infections proteins that form sponge looking brain tissue (mad cow disease)
Prions
52
Can speed up (catalyze) anabolic or catabolic reactions, lowers the activation energy of a reaction
Enzymes
53
To speed up
Catalyze
54
-ase suffix usually means its an
Enzyme
55
Bond formed between amino acids
Peptide Bond
56
The molecules on which an enzyme act
Substrate
57
Vital genetic material of all cells and viruses
DNA and RNA
58
Monomers that make up nucleic acids
Nucleotides
59
3 Parts of Nucleotides
1. Phosphate 2. Pentose Sugar 3) Nitrogenous Base
60
Part of a nucleotide, 5 carbon sugar, eitehr deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)- which one determines the type
Pentose sugar
61
5 Nitrogen Bases
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, Thymine, Uracil
62
Nitrogen Base found in DNA or RNA (First letter only)
CGA
63
Nitrogen Base found only in DNA
Thymine
64
Nitrogen Base found only in RNA (First letter only)
Uracil
65
Damages DNA, causes a mutation
UV Damage
66
Caused by UV damage, makes thymines bond and creates a bump in DNA- cannot produce RNA or protein
Thymine Dimers
67
UV protection
Melanin
68
DNA Bond
A-T
69
RNA and DNA Bond
G=C
70
RNA Bond
A-U
71
Double Stranded in most cells and viruses
DNA
72
Nucleic acid surrounded by proteins
Virus
73
Carries instructions for synthesis of RNA and proteins, controls syntesis of all molecules in an organism, genetic material of all organisms and many viruses
DNA
74
Nucleoside, AMP(mono-), ADP(di-), ATP(tri-)
Nucleoside, AMP, ADP, ATP
75
All of the following nitrogenous bases are found in RNA molecules EXCEPT:
a.uracil
b.cytosine
c.adenine
d.guanine
e.thymine
e
76
All of the following are characteristics of saturated fats EXCEPT:
a. their fatty acids pack tightly together.
b. they are used to store energy.
c. they are usually solid at room temperature.
d.they are usually found in animals.
e.they contain at least one double bond between the carbons in their fatty acid tails.
e
77
All of the following are uses of carbohydrates in organisms EXCEPT:
a.as a short-term energy source.
b.as a long-term energy source.
c.as a building block of DNA and RNA molecules.
d.to keep membranes flexible at low temperatures.
d
78
Which of the following types of lipids can be used to keep some microorganisms from drying out?
a.
unsaturated fats.
b.
waxes.
c.
steroids.
d.
phospholipids.
e.
saturated fats.
b
79
You would want to eat a breakfast full of ___________________________________for long-lasting energy that doesn't result in a blood sugar crash soon after eating.
Proteins
80
Two main functions of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structure
