Chapter 5

Question 1

what important unifying principle of biology was stated in 1838

Answer 1

the cell theory

Question 2

what are the 3 tenets of cell theory

Answer 2

• Cells are the fundamental units of life.
• All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
• All cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 3

what are the common characteristics of a cell

Answer 3

plasma membrane, ribosomes, region of dna, and cytoplasm

Question 3

what are the two types of cells

Answer 3

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 4

what are cells limited by

Answer 4

surface area to volume ratio

Question 4

what type of cell is eukarya and has membrane enclosed organelles

Answer 4

eukaryotic cells

Question 5

what type of cell is bacteria and archaea and doesn’t have membrane enclosed organelles

Answer 5

prokaryotic cells

Question 5

what makes up a prokaryotic cell

Answer 5

a capsule, outer membrane, cell wall, flagella, pili, and a cytoskeleton

Question 6

what is a capsule

Answer 6

outside of cell wall, made of polysaccharides, protects from WBC attacks and helps in attaching to other cells

Question 7

what is a cell wall

Answer 7

outside cell membrane, rigid and contains peptidoglycan, and supports cell and gives it shape

Question 7

what is the outer membrane

Answer 7

encloses the peptidoglycan layer of cell wall

Question 8

what is the site for protein synthesis

Answer 8

ribosomes

Question 8

what is the flagella

Answer 8

helps with swimming (ex sperm cell)

Question 9

what is pili

Answer 9

hair like service on surface of cell, helps adhere to other cells and helps move genetic information from one cell to another

Question 9

what is usually the largest organelle, contains most of cells dna, site of dna replication

Answer 9

nucleus

Question 10

what is the cytoskeleton

Answer 10

a system of protein filaments and maintain cell shape and plays role in cell division and cell movement

Question 10

what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

eukaryotic cells are 10 times larger and have membrane enclosed organelles

Question 11

where are ribosomes made at

Answer 11

nucleolus

Question 12

what surrounds the nucleus and has pores

Answer 12

nuclear envelope

Question 12

what has a lot of surface area and also a network of membranes in the cytoplasm

Answer 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 13

what is the interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments

Answer 13

endomembrane system

Question 14

what ER doesn’t have ribosomes, chemically modify small molecules, site of glycogen degradation, and synthesis of lipids and steroids

Answer 14

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Question 14

which ER has ribosomes attached and modify, fold, and transport newly made proteins

Answer 14

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 15

what organelle contains digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

Answer 15

Lysosomes

Question 15

what organelle has flattened sacs called cisternae and small vesicles that receives proteins from RER to further modify, concentrate package and sort proteins, and in plant cells, polysaccharides for cell walls are synthesized

Answer 15

Golgi Apparatus

Question 16

what process extracts waste

Answer 16

exocytosis

Question 16

how do food molecules enter the cell that forms a phagosome

Answer 16

phagocytosis

Question 16

what forms when the phagosomes interact with the primary lysosome which hydrolyze food molecules

Answer 16

secondary lysosome

Question 17

what membrane in the mitochondria folds inward, creating cristae, which creates large surface area for embedded proteins involved in cellular respiration

Answer 17

inner membrane

Question 17

what organelle transforms energy in food molecules into bonds of energy-rich ATP, can reproduce independently and has 2 membranes

Answer 17

mitochondria

Question 17

what gives flowers colors

Answer 17

Chromoplasts

Question 18

what does the mitochondria matrix, inside, contain

Answer 18

enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes for proteins needed for cellular respiration

Question 19

what organelle is the site of photosynthesis, have a double membrane, and can divide independently of nucleus

Answer 19

Chloroplasts

Question 20

what provides structure to plant cells, creates turgor pressure when water enters through osmosis, stores pigments for flowers, and store digestive enzymes, waste products, and toxic compounds

Answer 20

vacuoles

Question 21

what stores fats and starches

Answer 21

leucoplasts

Question 22

what supports and maintain cell shape, hold organelles in place, move organelles, involved in cytoplasmic streaming, interacts with extracellular structures to hold in place

Answer 22

cytoskeleton

Question 23

what 3 components make up the cytoskeleton

Answer 23

* microfilaments: help a cell or parts of a cell move; determine cell shape; formation of pseudopodia * intermediate filaments: anchor cell structures in place; many kinds * microtubules: long, hollow cylinders; form rigid internal skeleton in some cells

Question 23

what are extracellular structures

Answer 23

help protect, support, and interact with other cells, secreted to outside of membrane, and made of macromolecules embedded in gel like medium in eukaryotes

Question 24

what extra cellular structure provide rigid yet flexible support for plant and a barrier from disease organisms

Answer 24

cell wall

Question 25

how are adjacent plant cells connected

Answer 25

plasmodesmata

Question 26

what extracellular structure is composed of fibrous proteins, holds cell together in tissues, contributes properties to bone, cartilage, skin, filters materials passing though, orient cell movements in development and tissue repair and plays a role in chemical signaling

Answer 26

extracellular matrix

Question 27

how far back did the first eukaryotes appear

Answer 27

2.7 billion years ago

Question 28

what theory proposes that mitochondria and plastids(mitochondria) arose when one cell engulfed another cell

Answer 28

theory of endosymbiosis