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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What is a chemical reaction

A

any process in which one or more substances (the reactants) are
converted to one or more different substances (the products)

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2
Q

what does chemical reactions involve with the different atoms

A

the making or breaking of bonds

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3
Q

when do chemical reactions occur

A

when there is sufficient energy to combine or change bonding partners

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4
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum total of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism

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5
Q

what is a metabolic pathway

A

a set of enzymatically controlled steps that begins with a specific
molecule and results in the completion of a product or process in an organism

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6
Q

what are enzymatically controlled steps

A

enzymes cause a reaction and when there is a product, it is moved into another reaction as a reactant to make a product

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7
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity for change

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8
Q

what is potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds as a concentration gradient or electrical imbalance

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9
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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10
Q

what is chemical energy

A

energy stored in bonds

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11
Q

what is electrical energy

A

energy from separation of bonds

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12
Q

what is heat energy

A

energy from transfer due to temperature difference

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13
Q

what is light energy

A

energy from electromagnetic radiation stored as photons

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14
Q

what is mechanical energy

A

energy of motion

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15
Q

what energy is the lowest quality and last one in line

A

heat

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16
Q

what is anabolism reactions

A

link smaller molecules to form bigger molecules, require energy

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17
Q

what is catabolism reactions

A

break down larger molecules into smaller molecules, releases energy

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18
Q

which reaction is a condensation reaction

A

anabolic

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19
Q

which reaction is a hydrolysis reaction

A

catabolic

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20
Q

what does catabolic reactions do

A

release energy for anabolic reactions

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21
Q

what are catabolic and anabolic reactions considered

A

coupled reactions

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22
Q

what do the laws of thermodynamics apply to

A

all matter and energy transformations

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23
Q

what is the 1 law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed

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24
Q

what is the 2 law of thermodynamics

A

when energy is converted, some of that energy becomes unavailable to do work

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25
no reaction is 100% efficient, where does that energy go
lost to disorder/randomness, due to thermal motion(heat)
26
how does disorder increase
energy transformations
27
In this universe, what stays constant?
The quantity of energy (first law)
28
In this universe, what doesn't stay constant?
The quality of the energy (second law)
29
what gives the most energy?
the sun
30
what receives the suns energy
plants/producers
31
how much energy do they use that is exerted
90%
32
How much energy is left when an animals comes to eat it
10%
33
if an animal eats that animal, how much energy does it receive
1%
34
what is entropy(S)
the measured amount of disorder (randomness) in a system
35
if energy isn't applied to a system, what happens
disorder increases
36
what is spontaneous process
a process that can occur without input of energy
37
what does spontaneous mean in energy
energetically favorite
38
what is enthalpy(H)
total energy. total energy=usable energy+unusable energy
39
what is free energy(G)
usable energy that can do work
40
what do cells require for chemical reactions involved in growth, cell division, and maintenance
free energy
41
what is unusable energy(S)
unusable energy lost to disorder(heat)
42
how do you find the total of free energy (ΔG)
ΔGreaction = Gproducts – Greactants
43
If ΔG is negative, free energy is
released
44
If ΔG is positive, free energy is
required
45
if Gproducts is 5 and Greactants is 10, what is free energy and what is the energy
-5, released
46
if Gproducts is 10 and Greactants is 5, what is free energy and what is the energy
5, required
47
if products have more free energy than products, what is needed
energy from an external source
48
If free energy is not available, a chemical reaction
does not occur
49
what reaction releases free energy (–ΔG)
exergonic
50
what reaction consumes free energy (+ΔG)
endergonic
51
what is exergonic reactions
spontaneous
52
what is endergonic reactions
nonspontaneous
53
what breaks down an ordered reactant into smaller, more randomly distributed products; complexity decreases (generates disorder)
catabolism/exergonic
54
what makes a single product (a highly ordered substance) out of many smaller reactants (less ordered); complexity increases (order increases)
anabolism/endergonic
55
if i break legos and they go all over the place, what is this an example of
exergonic/catabolic
56
if i build something with legos, what is this an example of
endergonic/anabolic
57
What is ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
58
How do cells use ATP
for the transfer and capture of free energy required for chemical work
59
how does ATP store the energy
in the bonds between the phosphate groups
60
why is the energy kept there
because the phosphate groups are negatively charged and takes a lot of energy to keep them together
61
How is the energy from ATP used
to fuel the endergonic reactions, for active transport, for movement
62
ATP's formation is what
endergonic
63
the hydrolysis of ATP is what
exergonic
64
what are energy barriers
a barrier between reactants and products that control the rate of chemical reactions
65
why are energy barriers needed
to block the tendency for chemical reactions to occur that might allow complex molecules to decompose spontaneously
66
for a reaction to start, what is needed
for energy to be put in to get over the barrier
67
once it gets over the barrier, the reactants reach a reactive mode where the bonds destabilize called what
a transition state
68
What is the energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds in the reactant and initiate a chemical reaction
Activation energy (Ea)
69
How can you overcome the energy barrier
increase temp and lower the activation energy (Ea)
70
why don't we increase the temperature
* This speeds up ALL reactions, not only those needed. * Heat can denature proteins and kills cells.
71
why do we go to catalyst
it enables reactants to reach the transition state at a moderate temperature
72
what does a catalyst do
* substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being permanently altered * reduces the energy barrier that is preventing the chemical reaction from proceeding * increases the rate of chemical reactions
73
can a catalyst make a reaction occur that can't occur
no
74
what is catalysis
* the process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction * increases the rate of chemical reactions
75
what are most biological catalysts called
enzymes
76
what does the prefix -ase mean
its an enzyme
77
what is the enzyme oxidoreductases
transfer electrons between molecules (energy metabolism)
78
what is the enzyme transferases
transfer functional groups between molecules
79
what is the enzyme hydrolases
add water to covalent bonds to break down molecules
80
what is the enzyme lyases
catalyze nonhydrolytic bond breakage and aid in new bonds forming
81
what is the enzyme isomerases
move functional groups within a molecule (forms an isomer)
82
what is the enzyme ligases
joins two molecules together
83
what are reactants called when an enzyme is involved
substrate
84
what do substrates bind to
active site
85
what is an active site
region where catalysis take place
86
what is it called when the enzyme bonds with the substrate
enzyme-substrate complex (ES)
87
How are enzymes specific
they act on specific reactants
88
how do enzymes help break old bonds and form new ones
orient substrates, induce strain, and temporary add chemical groups
89
what does an enzyme do when it orients substrate
specific atoms come together so bonds can form
90
what does an enzyme do when it induces strain
makes bonds so the substrate becomes unstable and more reactive
91
what does an enzyme do when it temporarily add chemical groups
side chains of enzymes amino acids which helps the substrate become more chemically reactive
92
what does the enzyme specificity depend on
precise interlocking of molecular shapes and interactions
93
what is it when an enzymes changes shape when it binds to substrate
induced fit
94
what is the first step of enzyme catalysis
initiation: enzymes orient substrates precisely as they bind within the active site
95
what is the second step of enzyme catalysis
transition state facilitation: the act of binding induces the formation of the transition state. The interaction between the substrate and the R-groups in the active site ↓ the activation energy required for the reaction
96
what is the third step of enzyme catalysis
termination: reaction products have less affinity for the active site; binding ends; enzyme returns to original conformation; products are released
97
what are metabolic pathways
the biochemical reactions in a chain, the product of one reaction is the product of the other
98
what does each reaction in the metabolic pathway have
a specific enzyme for that reaction
99
what are enzyme inhibitors
molecules that bind to the enzyme and slow reaction rates
100
what are irreversible inhibitors
an inhibitor that covalently binds to side chains in the active site and permanently inactivates the enzyme
101
what are reversible inhibitors
inhibitors bonds noncovalently to the active site and prevents substrates from binding
102
what are competitive inhibitors
inhibitors that compete with the substrate for binding sites
103
what does the degree of inhibition depend on in competitive inhibitors
the concentration of substrate and inhibitor
104
what are uncompetitive inhibitors
it binds to the enzyme-substrate complex which prevents the release of products

Biology (12 decks)

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