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Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the most common chemical fuel used by cells

A

glucose

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2
Q

what are the 5 principles of metabolic pathways

A
  • Complex transformations occur in a series of separate reactions.
  • Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme.
  • Many metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms.
  • In eukaryotes, metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in specific organelles.
  • Key enzymes can be inhibited or activated to alter the rate of the pathway.
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3
Q

where to catabolic processes harvest energy from

A

glucose

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4
Q

what are the catabolic processes that harvest energy from glucose

A

glycolysis (anaerobic, cellular respiration (aerobic), and fermentation (anaerobic)

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5
Q

how do the catabolic processes that decompose glucose yield energy

A

when the electrons are transferred during the reaction, stored energy is released from glucose. Energy is used to synthesize ATP

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6
Q

What is the chemical process of obtaining energy from glucose

A

oxidation

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7
Q

what type of reaction is the oxidation of glucose

A

exergonic (releases energy). This energy is used for endergonic reaction of forming ATP

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8
Q

what type of energy do organic compounds have due to the arrangement of electrons in bonds

A

potential

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9
Q

Do electrons have more or less potential energy when with less electronegative atoms

A

more, like C or H

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10
Q

Do electrons have more of less potential energy when with more electronegative atoms

A

less, O

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11
Q

are organic molecules with more hydrogen good fuels

A

yes

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12
Q

why do organic molecules with more hydrogen good fuels

A

they get rid of “hilltop” electrons whose energy is released when moved to a lower energy state when transferred to oxygen

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13
Q

if a reaction moves electrons or electron density from a lower electronegative atom to a higher electronegative atom will it release or need energy

A

release

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14
Q

what do cells do to complex molecules rich with potential energy

A

break it down into molecules with little potential energy

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15
Q

what happens to the energy from glucose

A

it goes downhill into multiple reactions, especially the synthesis of ATP and ends at the formation of water

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16
Q

A reaction that causes partial or complete transfer of electron can only happen in what 2 ways

A

the electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another or shift its position on the covalent bond

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17
Q

if oxidation (losing an electron) happens what else is happening

A

reduction (gaining an electron)

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18
Q

where is the high energy stored in atoms

A

in the electrons

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19
Q

why is the high energy stored in bonds

A

it allows cells to use the energy in increments rather than all at once

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20
Q

what type of reaction is called with the formation of ATP

A

redox reactions

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21
Q

if compound A is a reducing agent and compound B is a oxidizing agent, what happens

A

the electrons from A go to B which causes B to become reduced and gain potential energy. Compound A becomes and oxidized compound and loses potential energy

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22
Q

what agent is glucose

A

the reducing agent

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23
Q

what agent is oxygen

A

the oxidizing agent

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24
Q

how are the electrons transferred

A

cellular respiration and glycolysis take the electrons in pairs

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25
what carry the proteins form glucose to molecules
electron carriers
26
what are NAD+ and NADH
coenzymes
27
what is NAD+
it is empty of passengers (electrons), ionic, in redox reactions it picks up one hydrogen and one solo electron from a second hydrogen. This electrons causes the NAD+ to become NAD (neutral), and into NADH
28
what is NADH
Full of passengers (electrons), goes down the energy hill to donate the electrons to molecules with great potential energy. After it donates the electrons, it becomes NAD+
29
What is Glycolysis
an aerobic pathway the oxidizes glucose completely into CO2 and H2O. Takes place in cytoplasm, involves enzyme-catalyzed reactions, steps 1-5 are energy investing, 6-10 are energy harvesting
30
what are the reactants of Glycolysis
glucose, 2 molecules of NAD+, and 2 molecules of ATP
31
what are the products of Glycolysis
2 molecules of Pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH, and 4 molecules of ATP, used 2 ATP though
32
what is oxidation-reduction in Glycolysis
when energy is released from glucose to reduce NAD+ to NADH
33
what is substrate-level phosphorylation
ADP becomes ATP by the direct transfer of the high energy phosphate group
34
what is the first step of glycolysis
since glucose can go across the cell membrane, it is phosphorylated by HEXOKINASE from a molecule of ATP to make it ADP. compound now called Glucose-6-phosphate
35
what does the number in between mean
that is which Carbon the phosphate is at
36
what is the second step of glycolysis
POSPHOGLUCOISOMERASE rearranges Glucose-6-phosphate into Fructose-6-phosphate
37
what is the third step of glycolysis
PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE transfers a phosphate group form ATP to F6P, now Fructose-6, 1-biphosphate
38
what is the fourth step of glycolysis
ADOLASE cleaves, splits in half, Fructose-6, 1-biphosphate into 2 molecules, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
39
what is the fifth step of glycolysis
ISOMERASE catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P, so now there's two of them
40
what is the sixth step of glycolysis
GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE catalyzes 2 reactions: G3P is oxidized by the transfer of electrons and H+, forming NADH and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate, 1,3 biphosphoglycerate
41
what is the seventh step of glycolysis
PHOSPHOGLYCEROKINASE removes a phosphate from 1,3 biphosphoglycerate to make ATP. the new molecule is 3-phosphoglycerate
42
what is the eighth step of glycolysis
PHOSPHOGLYCEROMUTASE relocates the additional phosphate into 2-phosphoglycerate, the phosphate group got moved from the 3 carbon to the 2 carbon
43
what is the ninth step of glycolysis
ENOLASE removes a water molecule to make phosphoenolpyruvate, which makes the phosphate group very unstable
44
what is the tenth step of glycolysis
PYRUVATE KINASE removes the other phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP, to make ATP and Pyruvate
45
does steps 6-10 happen twice
yes, so 4 ATP and 2 NADH is made
46
what is pyruvate oxidation
takes place in mitochondria matrix, pyruvate is oxidized into acetate and CO2. the acetate is joined by coenzyme A to make Acetyl CoA,
47
what are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation
1 pyruvate, 1 NAD+, and 1 coenzyme A
48
what are the products of pyruvate oxidation
1 acetyl CoA, 1 CO2, and 1 NADH
49
what is acetyl CoA
it is a carrier molecule. it's job is to donate the acetyl group to the 4 carbon oxaloacetate for the citric acid
50
what is the citric acid cycle
it happens twice since there is 2 acetyl CoA molecules. it happens in the mitochondria matrix, and oxidizes the rest of the glucose molecules
51
what are the reactants of citric acid
acetate (in Acetyl CoA), NAD+, FAD, GDP, and H2O
52
what are the products of citric acid
2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP (ATP if formed from GDP)
53
what are the steps of citric acid
acetyl CoA is attached to the oxaloacetate to make a 6 carbon chain molecule, citrate. NAD+ comes in and makes NADH and CO2 leaves, making it a 5 carbon chain molecule, then NAD+ comes in to make NADH and CO2 leaves again. GDP will come in to make GTP which will later make ATP, FAD comes in to make FADH, H2O comes in to react with the molecule, then lastly NAD+ comes in to make NADH which makes oxaloacetate so it is ready for the cycle again.
54
what are the products of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid
6 CO2, 10 NADH (can make 2.5 ATP to makes 25 ATP in ETC), 2 FADH2 (can make 1.5 ATP since it comes in later, so it makes 3 ATP), and 4 ATP
55
what is oxidation phosphorylation
the formation of ATP in the mitochondrion, which is associated with the flow of electrons in the respiration cycle. IT has 2 parts, Electron transport chain and chesmiosmosis
56
what is the electron transport chain
the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 are carried through the Electron Transport Chain which is a series of membrane-associated electron carriers that are in the cristae (folds) of the mitochondria's inner membrane. During the chain, the electrons alternate between being in a reduced or oxidized state. as they move on in the chain, the more oxidized the electron carriers get more electronegative until it ends up at oxygen. The electrons are used to pump H+ with active transport (need energy) though the membrane into the proton concentratio gradient which is called proton-motive force.
57
where does NADH drop off the electrons
the first electron carrier
58
where does FADH drop off the electrons
the second electron carrier
59
what is chemiosmosis
takes place in mitochondria matrix and inner membrane. Protons diffuse back across the inner membrane and into the mitochondria matrix through a channel protein called ATP synthase which couples the diffusion of protons with the formation of ATP
60
what are the 2 parts of ATP synthase
Fo: what diffuses the protons, transmembrane H+ channel F1: projects into the matrix, rotates to show active site for ATP synthesis
61
how does ATP synthase work
when the protons diffuse through the Fo unit, the potential energy of the protons is transferred into kinetic energy which makes the central polypeptide to rotate. the energy is transmitted into the F1 unit which allows for ADP to be phosphorylated into ATP
62
How much ATP is synthesized from Glycolysis and cellular respiration
32 ATP
63
How can ATP be made without O2
made by glycolysis and fermentation, it occurs in the cytoplasm, glucose is partially oxidized. 2 ATP per glucose is made by substrate-level phosphorylation. NAD+ is still being generated to keep glycolysis going
64
what is lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is the electron acceptor and lactate is the product, happens in microorganisms and some vertebrae muscle cells. during exercise, O2 can't be delivered to the muscle cells fast enough for aerobic respiration. muscle cells break down glycogen (energy storage polysaccharide) to carry out lactic acid fermentation. when lactate build up, H+ increases, causing pH to lower causing muscle pain
65
what is the difference between glycolysis and cellular respiration and glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation
glycolysis and lactic acid partially oxidizes glucose. There is more energy in the end product of fermentation then in cellular respiration

Biology (12 decks)

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