ABC analysis.
- Antecedents: The events or conditions that occur before a behavior, which trigger or cue the behavior
- operant Behavior: The specific action or response of the athlete
- Consequences: The outcomes or results that follow the behavior, which reinforce or discourage its future occurrence
Define stimulus control
- term that refers to the degree of correlation between a stimulus and a behavior (good = strong corr. between the occ. of stimulus and occ. of response)
a. the stimulus of the ball coming towards must control the behavior of you hitting it back with the racquet
Define good stimulus control
behavior happens in response to a particular antecedent stimulus, and doesn’t happen in the absence of it - tennis player consistently return serves with proper footwork when they see the opponent preparing to serve
Define S^D
Define S^E
S^D: Signal that a particular response will pay off - Coach signaling for a play, means that doing the play should lead to a positive reward
S^E: Signal that a particular response will not pay off - getting double teamed when dribbling towards the net means that continuing will most likely not end up in scoring
What is modeling?
When a sample of a certain behavior is presented to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior - parents telling you to do it like this, and showing you how
Describe four factors that influence the effectiveness of modeling as a behavior modification technique.
- model that is similar to them (age, socioeconomic, physical)
- individuals perceived as competent or proficient
- number of individuals modeling a particular behavior is a factor, more = more likely
- as a behavior modification strategy more effective when paired with instructions, show then tell
Define (S^D) operant stimulus discrimination training
- Procedure of reinforcing a response in the presence of an SD, and extinguishing that response in the presence of an SE, and two results including:
a. good stimulus control -> the response consistently occurs to SD (signal that a particular response will pay off)
b. and a stimulus discrimination -> response occurs to the SD and not to the SE. - Through repeated exposure the individual learns to distinguish between cues or signals that predict reinforcement (SD) and those that do not (SE). The goal is for the behavior to occur only in the presence of the SD and to be suppressed in the presence of the SE
Define operant stimulus generalization
- a behavior that has been reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus (SD) also occurs in the presence of other similar stimuli, even though those similar stimuli were not directly associated with reinforcement
a. a child is taught to say “thank you” when they receive a gift from a family member (SD), over time, the child begins to generalize this behavior and also says “thank you” when receiving food from a waiter at a restaurant. - refers to the procedure of reinforcing, and of generalization to other similar situation/stimulus
Define form (or topography) of behavior
the behaviors looks or the physical way its performed. It involves the specific movements or actions required to execute a behavior, raising your hand as opposed to just blurting out the answer
Distinguish between the types of target behaviors that are typical for shaping versus chaining
- if a new desired behavior does not currently occur/happen, then shaping is appropriate
- if the components of a sequence of behaviors are in an individuals repertoire, but the do not occur consistently in the appropriate sequence, then chaining is appropriate
What is a behavioral chain?
a. a consistent sequence of stimuli that follow each other closely in time, and which terminates in a reinforcer -
1. In gymnastics, performing a vault is a behavioral chain. The sequence includes:
2. Running down the runway (the initial behavior)
3. Jumping onto the springboard with proper timing and foot placement
4. Pushing off the vaulting table using correct hand technique
5. Executing the aerial flip with the correct body position
6. Landing properly with feet together and balanced
List the three steps typically followed in the total-task chaining strategy
- list the sequence of responses in the order in which they should occur in the chain
- arrange practice opportunities in which the athlete is instructed to perform the entire sequence in the proper order on each occasion
- provide constructive feedback and positive reinforcement as needed until the chain occurs correctly several times in succession
Distinguish between fading and shaping
- fading: complete guidance, and as the athlete improves less and less (fading) guidance is used
- shaping: the stimulus stayed the same, while the response slowly grows to become more of the desired behavior
Briefly describe the procedure called graduated guidance.
as the athletes progress, the teacher will fade the guidance.
Define prompt
a supplemental antecedent stimulus provided that will increase the likelihood that a desired behavior will occur, but that is not the final stimulus that will control the behavior - swimming coach modeling the correct arm movements, and gradually fading the modelling prompts over trials
List the three steps typically followed in an application of shaping
- identify the final target behavior in terms of one or more of its dimensions, i.e. its form, frequency, duration, intensity, or latency - training a soccer player to consistently kick the ball into the corner of the goal with both power (intensity) and accuracy (form)
- identify a starting behavior that the individual currently emits and that approximates the target behavior - reinforcing kicks where the player uses the proper form (no matter accuracy or power)
- reinforce successive approximations from the starting behavior to the final target behavior across trials - Gradually reinforce kicks that have both increasing form and power,
Define latency of behavior
- Definition: The time between a stimulus and the start of a behavior.
- Example: A student starts writing 5 seconds after the teacher gives the instruction.
Define intensity (or force) of behavior
- Definition: The strength or force of a behavior.
- Example: Harder punches
Define duration of behavior
- Definition: The length of time a behavior lasts.
- Example: A swimmer stays underwater for 30 seconds during a dive.
Define frequency of behavior
- Definition: The number of times a behavior occurs in a specific time period.
- Example: A basketball player makes 10 free throws in 5 minutes.
