How doe sthe positon of the ovary vary among domestic mammals?
- carnivore ovarian position is more cranial due to suspensory ligament
- ungulate ovarian position is more caudal, there is no suspensory ligament
What causes these differences in ovarian position and how does this cause relate to formation of the ovarian bursa?
- these differences are due to the presece or absence of suspensory ligament
- tight fusion of the mesosalpinx and mesovarium in the carnivore result in a more closed ovarian bursa that encloses the ovary
What forms the walls of the ovarian bursa and how does the peritoneal opening of the dog and ungulates compare?
- mesosalpinx forms the bursa along w/ the mesovarium
- the peritoneal opening in the carnivore is small and fat-filled
- in the ungulate it is wide open and transparent
In what ways is the ovary of the mare different from that of other ungulates?
- mare has large ovulation fossa on the free border, smooth surface
- the sow has many prominent follicles like a clump of grapes
- the cow has a a flat ovary, copora lutea are prominent on the surface projections
How does fusion of the uterine horns and other derivatives of the paramesonephric ducts vary among the domestic mammals?
degree of fusion: woman>mare>cow>sow or bitch>doe>marsupial
Compare and contrast the uterine blood supply of ungulates and the dog.
- dog has two aas: uterine branch of ovarian a and uterine branch of the vaginal a, the main supply of the uterus
- the cow, mare and sow have three aas: uterine branch of ovarian a, middle uterine a. from the external iliac a. of the mare and int. iliac of cow, and the uterine branch of the vaginal a.
Compare the vascular supply/drainage of the ovary and uterus of ruminants vs. mare and discuss the physiological significance of cow/mare anat. diff
-venous drainage: the ovarian a is closely attached to the ovarian v. allowing luteolytic factors from the uterus to be transferred from vein to a. and then carried to ovary where lysis of CL takes place in the ruminants, and not in mare.
Mention two things that could make the passage of a pipette difficult in a cow.
- suburethral diverticulum
- transverse folds
Which female animal has the most developed clitoris and how does she use it?
- mare
- winks it at the stallions to alert them to the mare being in or close to estrus
In which species, gender, and location is the urethral sinus, urethral diverticulum, suburethral divert, and preputial diverticulum?
- urethral sinus: horse, male, penis
- urethral diverticulum: horse, female, near ischiatic arch
- suburethral diverticulum: male ruminants/sows
- preputial divert: pig, boar, preputial opening
What is the clinical significance of the urethral sinus, urethral diverticulum, suburethral divert, and preputial diverticulum?
- urethral sinus: location of bean, painful
- urethral diverticulum: causes catheterization problems
- suburethral diverticulum: could make passage of pipette diffic
- preputial diverticulum: stink sac, masturb. prob, if the boar ejaculates into div.
How many pairs of mammary glands are present in the sow, bitch, queen, cow, mare ewe, and doe?
- sow: 7 pair
- bitch: 5 pair
- cow: 2 pair
- queen: 4 pair
- mare and ewe: 1 pair
- doe: 1 pair
Which species lack male nipples? (Why is the old saying “ worthless as teats on a boar hog” erroneous?)
Male horses and mice lack nipples. Boar hogs do have teats. The number of teats a boar hog has indicates the number of teats his female offspring will have.
Compare and contrast the udders 1st and 2nd vascular supply in regard to edema and amputations.
- amputation: tying off the ext. pudendal a. (main supply of blood to mammary) resulting in the gland atrophies and sloughs off
- edema: udder edema is caused by poor development of the secondary venous supply( subcutaneous abdominal vein)
Compare and contrast the two types of erectile tissue of penis. Whic muscle squeezes each?
- corpus cavernosum: paired crura that unites to form the body of the penis, ischiocavernosus compresses the corpus cavernosum
- corpus spongiosum: sits in a ventral groove of the corpus cavernosum, bulbospongiosus, compresses the corpus songiosum
Compare and contrast the penile anat. of the dog, horse, and bull.
- dog: musculocavernosus; retractor penis not essential for normal penile function
- horse: musculocavernosus; retractor penis not essential; urethral sinus
- bull: fibrous (rigid rather than elastic); sigmoid flexure; retractor penis essential
Regarding penile anatomy: What do the boar and llama resemble? How is the cat different from all? What does a tom cat use to stay inserted?
- boar and llama resemble corkscrews
- cat penis points to the rear
- cat penis has spines at apex which serve to help fixate it w/in female
What is smegma and the bean? Where is the bean found?
- smegma: waxy fetid secretion associated w/ male external genitalia
- bean: is a hard concretion formed in the horse urethral sinus
What is the proper anatomical name of the stink bag of the boar and what is the significance of it?
- preputial diverticulum
- if damamged during slaughter, can contaminate whole carcass
What causes descent of the male testis? What is the result of failure to descend?
- shortening of the gubernaculums
- failure of descent is known as cryptorchidism
What is the consequence of transaction of the retractor penis m. in horse vs. bull or steer?
-in the horse, the retractor penis m. is not essential for erection, as it is for the bull, which
and retract the penis
What male accessory sex gland is near the ischiatic arch? What is the probable function?
- bulbourethral gland
- secretes a watery substance that probably cleanses the urethra before the sperm passes
Which muscle is most reponsible for erection?
Ischiocavernosus
Compare the pressures inside the erectile tissue of stallion and bull during erection, why is one much higher?
Corpus cavernosum: horse at very high-pressure musculocavernous type, hydraulic pressure causes erection, bull erection is cased by straightening of sigmoid flexure, fibrous type, no hydraulic pressure, mechanical elongation
