Flashcards in chapter 5 Deck (76)
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integumentary system
skin, sweat and oil glands, hair, nails
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epidermis
epithelial cells and outermost superficial region (non-vascularized nutrients reach epidermis by diffusion from dermis)
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dermis
middle region making up the bulk of the skin (vascularized)
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hypodermis
(superficial fascia) deepest region w/ adipose and areolar connective tissue
(stores fat, anchors skin to underlying structures, absorbs shock and insulates)
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where do males gain the most weight
abdomen
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where do females gain the most weight
breast and thighs
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what type of tissue is found in epidermis
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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4 cell types in epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, merkel cells
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keratinocytes
produce fibrous protein keratin (protection)
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melanocytes
produce the brown pigment melanin
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langerhans'
macrophages that help activate the immune system(ingest foreign substances and are key activators in immune system)
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merkel cell
fn as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
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layers of epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum grandulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
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stratum basale
(basal layer) deepest epidermal layer firly attached to dermis. single row o stem cells undergoing rapid cell division
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stratum spinosum
(prickly layer) several layers thik w/ cells that contain weblike system of intermediate filaments attached desmosomes (melanin grandules and langerhans are mostly in this layer)
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stratum grandulosum
(thin) 3-5 layers, drastic changes in keratinocytes appearance occurs (keratinization starts) (keratohyaline and lamellated granules accumulate in the cells)
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stratum lucidum
(clear layer) transparent band superfiscial to the stratum granulosum present in thick skin only (has few rows of flat dead keratinocytes
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stratum corneum
(horny layer) outermost layer of keratinized cells that accounts for 3/4 of eridermal thickness
-waterproofing
-protection from abrasion and penetration
-rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults
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layers of dermis
papillary layer, reticular layer
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papillary layer
thin layer areolar connective tissue w/ collagen and elastic fibers. superior surface contains peg-like projections called dermal papillae containing capillary loops, meisner's corpuscles and free nerve endings. ( skin ridges w/ sweat pores create our fingerprints)
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reticular layer
80% of thickness of skin made of coarse, irregularly arranged dense fibrous CT. (collagen fibers in layer add strength and resiliency to skin- run parallel to skin surface creating ridges) (elastin fibers provide stretch, recoil properties)
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pigments contribute to skin color
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
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melanin
yellow-redish/brown- black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
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carotene
yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in palms and soles of feet
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hemoglobin
reddish pigment responsible for pinkish hue of skin
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when skin is red (erythema)
embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
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when skin is pallor (blanching)
fear, anger, emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressue
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when skin is jaundice (yellowcast)
liver disorder-yellow bile pigments accumulate and deposit in tissue
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when skin is bronzing bronz, metalic appearance
addison dz- adrenal cortex doesnt secrete sufficient amts of steroid hormones or pituitary gland tumor that secretes insufficient amts of MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
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when skin is black and blue
bruising/ hematomas, blood escaped from circulation and clotted below the skin
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hair
covers out body w/ the exception of the palms, soles, lips and parts of external genetalia.
-senses insects on skin before the do harm
-on head, guard against physical trauma heat loss and sun light
-eyelashes shield eyes
-nose hairs filter large particles
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what do hair folicles produce
filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells
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difference b/w keratin in hair and skin
hair contains hard keratin which is tougher and more durable than soft keratin in skin
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types of hair
vellus, terminal,
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vellus
pale, fine hair found in children and adult female
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terminal
coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions
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how does terminal hair grow
in response to hormones called androgens (esp testosterone)
*nutrition and hormones)
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alopecia
hair thinning in both sexes, where immune system attacks the follicle and hair falls out in patches
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true/ frank baldness
genetically determined/ sex linked condition
-male pattern baldness, caused by follicular response to DHT (metabolite of testosterone)
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hair thinning
high fever, surgury, severe emotional trauma, certain drugs, protein deficient diets and lactation
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yellow tinged nail nail anormaliy
respiratory or thyroid gland disorder
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thickened yellow nail anormality
fungus
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convavity of nail (spoon nail)
iron deficient
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horizontal lines on nail (beau's lines)
malnutrition
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sweat glands
sudoriferous glands- different types prevent overheating of the body; secrete cerum and milk
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eccrine sweat glands
secretes sweat- hypotonic filtrate of blood that passes trough the secretory cells of the sweat gland and is released by exocytosis. water, salt, vit C, antibodies, dermcidin (microbe killing peptide) and traces metabolic wastes.
sympathetic division of the ANS controls sweating- we have little control over this(nervous and heat reduction)
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apocrine sweat glands
found in axillary and anogenital areas. fluid similar to eccrine sweat glands plus fatty substances and proteins. fn around puberty, influenced by androgens. activated my sympathetic nervous system during pain/stress
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ceruminous glands
modified aporine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerum(ear wax) block entry from foreign material
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mammary glands
specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
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sebaceous glands
secrete and oily secretion called sebum. alveolar glands found all over the body. soften skin when stimulated by hormones
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white head
sebum blocks a sebaceous gland
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black head
sebum material oxidizes and dries
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acne
inflammation of sebaceous gland + pimples (pustules or cysts) on skin. accomanied by staphylococcus infx
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cradle cap
overactive sebacous glands that causes seborrhea (fast flowing sebum) starts as pink scales then yellow and then brown peels off
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ex of androgen
testosterone
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structue of a nail
scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
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fn of integumentary system
protection, body temp, cutaneous sensation, metabolic fn, blood reservoir, extration
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protection
chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier
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body temp
regulates by dilation(cooling) & constriction(warming) of dermal vessels and inc. sweat glands secretions to cool of the body
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cutaneous senstaiton
extroreceptors sense touch and pain
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metabolic fn
synthesis of vit D in dermal blood vessels
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blood reservoir
skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body's blood volume
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excretion
limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat
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3 maj. types of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell cercinoma, melanoma
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skin cancer
most tumors are benign and do not metastasize. risk factor= disabling p53 gene.
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basal cell carcinoma
least malignant and most common skin cancer. stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis. slow growing. 99% curable through surgical excision
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squamous cell carcinoma
arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. on scalp, ears and lower lip, grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed. radiation or surgery
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melanoma
cancer of melanocytes. mot dangerous skin cancer. highly metastatic. resistant to chemo. . treated w/ surgery/ immunotherapy
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ABCD rule
asymmetry, border, color, diameter
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what is concerning for diameter
over 6 mm. chance of survival is poor is the lesion is over 4 mm thick
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burns
tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals that denatures the cell proteins and kills cells in the affected area
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what do severe burns cause
loss of body fluid, electrolyte imbalance, renal failue and circulatory shock. 24 hours of sterility and then infcection becomes maj. concern. (skin barrier destroyed and immune system is weakened)
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1st degree burn
only the epidermis is damaged. causes local redness, swelling and pain (heal 2-3 days)
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2nd degree burn
epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged. symptoms like 1st but blisters apear 3-4 weeks
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3rd degre
entire thickness of skin is damaged. burned area is grey-white, cherry red, or black; no initial edema or pain b/c nerve endings are destroyed
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