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chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

skeletal cartilage

A

molded to fit its location and fn. consists of water and no blood vessels/ nerves. surrounded by perichondrium(dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

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2
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

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3
Q

components of cartilage

A

chondrocytes encased in small cavities within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers

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4
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

provides support, flexibility and resilience

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5
Q

types of hyaline cartilage

A

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

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6
Q

articular cartilage

A

covers ends of long bones

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7
Q

costal cartilage

A

connects ribs to sternum

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8
Q

respiratory cartilage

A

makes up larynx, reinforces air passages

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9
Q

nasal cartilage

A

supports the nose

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10
Q

elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers. found in ear and epiglottis

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11
Q

fibrocartilage

A

highly compressed with great tensile strength, contains collagen fibers, found in menisci of the knee and intervertebral discs

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12
Q

growth of cartilage

A

appositional, interstitial, calcification

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13
Q

appositional

A

cells in perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage (outside growth)

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14
Q

interstitial

A

lacunae bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secret new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within (inside growth)

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15
Q

calcification

A

(hardening due to deposit of calcium salts) of cartilage occurs during normal bone growth and old age

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16
Q

axial skeleton

A

long axis of body. includes skull, vertebral column, rib cage. support and protect and cary other body parts

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17
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

bones of upper and lower limbs, shoulder and hip. locomotion and manipulation of environment

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18
Q

long bones

A

all limb bones except the patella, wrist, and ankle bones

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19
Q

short bones

A

cube- shaped bones of the wrist and ankle. sesamoid bones that form within tendons (patella)

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20
Q

flat bones

A

thin, flattened, and a bit curved (sternum, scapula, ribs and most skull bones)

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21
Q

irregular bones

A

bones with complicated shapes (vertebrae and hip bones)

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22
Q

support

A

form framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs

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23
Q

protection

A

provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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24
Q

movement

A

provide levers for muscles allowing locomotion grasping of objects and breathing

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25
mineral and growth factor storage
reservoir for minerals especially calcium and phosphorus
26
blood cell formation
hematopoiesis occurs w/in the red marrow cavities of bones
27
triglyceride (fat) storage
fat which serves as an energy source is stored w/in bone
28
hormone production
osteocalcin which regulates bone formation and protects against obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes
29
gross anatomy of bone
compact bone, spongy bone (made up of trabeculae)
30
trabeculae
honeycomb structure in the center. bone area where red or yellow bone marrow exists
31
gross anatomy of bone (long bone)
diaphysis, epiphyses, and metaphysis
32
diaphysis
shaft with an interior medullary cavity. in adults, the medullar cavity is filled w/ fat and called yellow marrow cavity.
33
epiphysis
bone ends w/ a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the articulating surface (serves as a cushion)
34
epiphyseal line
remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
35
metaphysis
where diaphysis and epiphyses meet
36
structure of long bone
membranes, red marrow
37
membranes
periosteum double layer that covers the bone except the joint surfaces
38
nutrient foramina
allow passage of blood vessels and nerves fibers
39
endosteum
covers internal bone surfaces
40
red marow
hematopoietic tissue
41
where is red marrow in infants
in medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
42
where is red marrow in infants
found in dipole of flat bones and head of femur and humerus
43
bulges, depressions, and holes serve as
sites of attatchment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons. joint surfaces conduits for blood vessels and nerves
44
tuberosity projection Muscle & lg
rounded projection
45
crest projection muscle & lig
narrow, prominent ridge of bone
46
trochanter projection muscle & lig
large, blunt, irregular surface
47
line projection muscle & lig
narrow ridge of bone
48
tuberible projection muscle & lig
small rounded projection
49
epicondyle projection muscle & lig
raised area above a condyle
50
spine projection muscle & lig
sharp slender projection
51
process projection muscle & lig
and bony prominence
52
head projection joints
bondy expansion carried on a narrow neck
53
facet projection joints
smooth, nearly flat articular surface
54
condyle projection joints
rounded articular projections
55
ramus projection joints
armlike bar of bone
56
meatus
canal-like passageway
57
sinus
cavity w/in a bone
58
fossa
shallow, basin like depression
59
groove
furrow
60
fissue
narrow slit like opening
61
foramen
round or oval opening through a bone
62
osteogenic cells
osteoprogenitor cells, mitotically active cells found in the periosteum & endosteum. (flattened squamous cells that differenciate into osteoblasts & bone lining cells or stay as osteogenic cells)
63
osteoblasts
bone forming cells that secrete matrix
64
osteocytes
mature bone cells that monitor and maintain the bone matrix (destroy bone)
65
blood lining cells
flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on that maintain matrix
66
osteoclasts
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
67
osteoid
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
68
what originates from mesenchymal tissue
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes
69
lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
70
canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
71
haversian system
osteon the structural unit of compact bone
72
lamella
weight bearing column-like matrix tubes composed of maily colagen
73
haversian central canal
central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
74
volkmann's canal
channels lying at right angles to the central canal. connecting blood and nerve supply o fthe periosteum to the haversian canal
75
organic composition of bone
``` its cells and osteoid (in matrix) ground substances(proteogylcans & glycoproteins) collagen fibers (bones structure, flexibility & tensile strength) ```
76
inorganic
hydroxyapatities or mineral salts | -65%. mainly calcium phosphates. responsible for bone hardness and its restistance to compression
77
osterogenesis and ossification
the process of bone tissue formation. leads to: | formation of bony skeleton in embryos, bone growth until early adulthood, bone thickness, remodeling and repair
78
when does formation of bone skeleton occur
begins @ week 8 (before that it was fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage)
79
intramembranous ossification
bone develops from a fibrous membrane(bone is called membrane bone)
80
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage(bone is called cartilage or endochondral (bone)

tara A&P (6 decks)

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