Toxic shock syndrome - related to bacterial growth - strep and staph love moist damp areas

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - 3 to 5% of women would meet clinical criteria for diagnosis - need at least 5 symptoms - Severe changes in mood and functioning

Chapter 5/6 Flashcards by Delayne van Dijk

What is ovulation?

Ovum released mid cycle from an ovary

-triggered by LH

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What stimulates follicle development?

FSH

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What is menstruation?

Cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of uterine lining (endometrium)
-day 1 first day of flow

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What is menarche?

First menstrual flow

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In the menstrual cycle what is phase 1 and when does it start?

begins with 1st day of flow

Estrogen dominant phase

Leads to ovulation

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What happens to the endometrium in phase 1?

Endometrium sloughs away
-flow lasts 4-7days

Heavy vs light flow varies

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How many follicles are rebased from the ovaries?

leaves corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen during luteal phase

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What is the ovulatory phase?

When the folicle is released from the ovary

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What is Mittelschmerz?

Felt on one side only each cycle

-can feel the follicle leave the ovary

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What happens in phase 2 of menstrual cycle?

Directly after ovulation

Progesterone dominant

Uterine lining at thickest

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What is TSS?

Toxic shock syndrome

related to bacterial growth
strep and staph love moist damp areas

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What is PMS?

Premenstrual syndrome

-Physical psychological and behavioural symptoms that precedes menses each month and stop a few days after menstruation

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What is PMDD?

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

3 to 5% of women would meet clinical criteria for diagnosis
need at least 5 symptoms
Severe changes in mood and functioning

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When do you normally see PMS symptoms?

Week before menses, and resolution within days after menstruation

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What does research ay about menses?

Research does not support any statistically significant intellectual or mechanical fluctuations over the cycle

Sex drive may be primed during ovulation or just before

Non human animal community copulation often driven by female estrus cycle

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What kind of behaviour increases during puberty?

Sensation seeking behaviour increased

push boundaries with adults
high intensity/exciting experiences desired
Curiosity about aspects of human sexuality

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how can periods be different?

Irregular periods
Dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
Amenorrhea

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What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menstruation

frequency and severity varies
caused by secondary prostaglandins (nerve sensitivity and blood vessels change) this causes the Smooth muscle of thee uterus to contract causing pain

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How can someone reduce pain for dysmenorrhea?

NSAIDS
Botanical meds
Supplement 
Nutritional interventions
-can reduce prostaglandins production and reduce pain

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What did masters and Johnson prescribe for dysmenorrhea?

Orgasm to dissipate pelvic congestion

Why is coitus during mestruation taboo?

Cultural and historical references see sexual relations during the time of menstruation as dirty or immoral or sacred

Is there evidence that coitus during menstruation is harmful?

No evidence

What is endometriosis?

Endometrial lining spreads beyond the uterus to other parts of the internal sexual organs or pelvic cavity

Pain and discomfort results from an inability of sloughed endometrial tissue to exit the body

What is the treatment for endometriosis?

Hormone therapy

Surgery (laser)

What is amenorrhea?

Primary: absence of menstruation (by about age 18) Secondary: Lack of menstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated at least once -cycle doesn't return 2 years after pregnancy

What are the secondary health issues to amenorrhea?

Disordered eating/exercise patterns Hormonal imbalances Endocrine issues Cessation of menstruation is expected during pregnancy and after menopause

What is conception?

Spemr and egg meet and fertilization happens

Where does conception occur?

Outer third of the Fallopian tube | -infundibulum

How common is it for couples to become pregnant?

20% of couples will conceive within the first mensrtual cycle 50% will conceive within 6 cycles

What are factors that promote conception of ova?

Mature oocyte released mid cycle Surrounded by nutritive layer -zona pellucida Enters the oviduct with help of the fimbrae

How long can an egg be fertilized for after its released?

12-24 hours | -egg secretes chemical which attracts sperm to egg

What is the best position to get pregnant?

Missionary position Pelvic tilt after sex for 30-60 mins

What are some factors that can chapping conception?

``` Pelvic inflammatory disease Amenorrhea Blocked Fallopian tubes Hostile mucous Antisperm antibodies Advanced maternal age ```

Who first identified sperm?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 17thC with 300x magnified glass

What are the factors that can promote conception (sperm)?

Number of sperm | Structure and function of head mid piece and tail

Why is a lot of sperm helpful?

Inner sperm are protected Sperm heal break down the ova outer shell so one can enter

Why is structure and function of sperm important?

Acrosome: has enzyme hyaluronidase Midpiece houses mitochondria Tail makes sperm motile

What are factors that challenge conception in males?

Post STI Low sperm count Varicocele Low motility

What are the definitions of infertility?

Womans inablity to conceive and give birth to living child Mans ability to impregnante woman Sterility is an absolute factor

What are factors related to ovulation and the uterine environment in relation to infertility?

``` Hormonal Factor Egg Factor oviduct Factor Unterine health Sperm structure, motility, function ``` Female and male factors account for 40% each of infertility

What is the leftover 20% of infertility caused by?

Combination factors

When does a couple become indertile?

Diagnosed when attempts at conceiving have been unsuccessful for 1 year -or after 6 months if woman is over 35

What is IVF?

Involves ova and sperm being combined in Petri dish, cell division continues until blastocyst stage (day 5) Embryo implanted in uterus

What is PGD?

Prenatal genetic diagnosis to assess genetic linked conditions

What do women have to take with IVF?

Hormone therapy to maintain pregnancy | -progestin

What is clomiphene (clomid)

Upregulates ovulation

What is IUI?

Places sperm closer to the oviduct entrance for conception (assisted insemination)

What are the different kinds of embryo transfer?

GIFT: gamete intra-fallopian transfer -egg and sperm are deposited into Fallopian tube at the same time but separately ZIFT: zygote intrafallopian transfer -merge sperm and egg on Petri dish and then put into uterus

What are the ethics of assisted reproductive tech?

``` Parental age Gender selection Genetic screening Reproduction cloning Tech potential and legal catchup ```