Chapter 5 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is one theory of learning/remembering/ conceptualizing by Meltzoff?
Imitation. Deferred imitation is imitation that occurs after a delay of hours or days (happens around 9 mos)
What is Piaget’s cognitive developmental perspective? And one definition linked to it?
In order to understand kids, we must understand how they think b/c thinking influences all behavior (active explorers- interact/build/apply)
Schema: cognitive map of the world; concepts/ ideas or ways of interacting with the world
What is cognitive development the result of?
Assimilation, or integrating a new experience into a preexisting schema, and accommodation, or changing a schema by adapting and modifying it in light of new info
What is cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium?
Cog. Equilibrium: a balance between assimilation and accommodation; individuals are neither incorporating new info not changing schema
Cog. Disequilibrium: mismatch between schema and the world; more frequent than former, confuses/discomforts kids which leads to cognitive growth
Which of the two is better?
Cog. Disequilibrium as it forces kids to adapt so their views match reality, thus gaining equilibrium again.
What are the first three substages of sensorimotor, or the idea that infants learn with senses/motor skills?
- Reflexes (birth- 1 mo)
- Primary circular reactions (4 mo); accidental discoveries/repetition (I.e. Putting hand in mouth)
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo); repetition that triggers external response (I.e. Rattle toy, etc.)
What are the last three substages of sensorimotor?
- Coordination of secondary schemas (8-12 mo); true means-end (intentional) behavior; infant tries to achieve goals
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mo); active trial and error exploration; “little scientists” (I.e. Dropping keys and gravity)
- Mental representation (18-24 mo); ability to use symbols such as words/mental pics to represent objects in memory [on the verge of preoperational reasoning]
What is object permanence? When are where does it occur?
The understanding that objects continue to exist outside of sensory awareness; it occurs around 8-12 mos in the 4th sensorimotor substage.
What’s the A-not-B error?
Kid can recover a toy from behind a barrier, yet when they observe the toy move from place A to B, they look for it in place A
Who conducted a study on what infants know? And what did she find?
Renee Baillergean conducted the Violation of Expectations study. She learned about Habituation: babies get used to or bored and Orienting reflexes: infants pay more attention to novel stimuli [stimulus appears to violate laws of world, if baby stares @ it for long time]
What is the behaviorist approach?
Babies are born to learn.
Classical conditioning: associate doctors office w/ pain b/c shots
Operant conditioning: behavior w/ a rewarding stimulus (Rovee-Collier demonstrate conditioning)
What are some forms of attention and memory?
Attention: focusing of mental resources
Join attention: focusing on the same object or event by both persons; important for Lang./emo. Dev @ 7-8mos
Memory: involves retention of info over time
Implicit memory: unconscious (riding a bike)
Explicit memory: conscious remembering (facts/experiences, like psych facts)
What is childhood amnesia? What are infants more likely to remember?
Adults remember little of the 1st 3 years of life; ability to focus and switch attention is critical for selecting info to process in working memory ( infants are more likely to remember things that happened in a FAMILIAR context and when they’re actively and EMOTIONALLY engaged)
What are some other terms related to thinking that get more and more specific?
Concept formation: habituate familiar (3 mos)
Categorization: perceptual organization by size/color
Conceptual categorization: as early as 7-9 mos, animals/toys; by 4 mos, categories based on perceptual properties; 6-7 mos, infants brain waves show evidence of categorization; 7-12 mos, infants organize objects based on perceived function & behavior: 12-30 mos, categorize globally to specifically
What’s the benefit of categorization? And what’s language?
The use of categories improves memory efficiency.
Language: form of communication (spoken, written, crying)
Crying @ birth, cooing/laughing @ 6 weeks, babbling @ 6 mos, gestures @ 9-12 mos, first words @ 10-15 mos
What are phonemes? Receptive vocab?
Basic sound units of a language; What is understood vs. spoken/expressive vocab.
There’s a vocab spurt @ 18-24 mos, 3 y/o says 1,000 words w/ developed syntax
What is telegraphic speech? Fast-mapping?
Short, precise words w/out grammatical markers (“big car” or “where ball” to “mommy gave ice cream”)
Process of quickly acquiring/retaining a word after hearing it applied a few times, improves w/ age, explains vocab spurt
What is under extension and overextension?
Under: applying a word’s use to a single object; more narrow range that is should be (ex. Ball only means football, not any other type of bal)
Over: applying a word too broadly (ex. Cow = all other farm animals)
What is the idea of babies and learning languages?
Babies are universal linguists. They’re primed to learn language, recognize name by 4.5 mos, prefer native lang.; quality of caregiver interactions allows for rapid learning [mote parent involvement, more vocab]
What are the two theories?
Learning theory and Lang. Acquisition: Lang. Through operant conditioning or reinforcement & punishment (skinner)
Nativist theory: human brain has innate capacity to learn Lang.
LAD: language acquisition device, an in ate facilitator of Lang. & storehouse of rules that apply to all languages (universal grammar)
What is the interactionist perspective?
Lang. Dev is a complex procès influenced by maturation and context; babies interact with more mature expert speakers
What are some important areas of the left hemisphere of the brain?
Broca’s Area: controls ability to use Lang as expression
Wernicke’s Area: responsible for Lang. Comprehension
Important terms continued…
Canonical babbling: type of babbling with well-formed syllables
Parent responsiveness to infants vocalisation predicts: size of infants vocab, diversity of baby’s comm, timing of Lang milestones
More…
Infant-directed speech: “motherese”; use of shorter words and sentences, varied pitch, repetition, slower rate, longer pauses
Expansions: parents enrich versions of child’s sentences
Recast: children’s sentences are restated in new grammatical form
[both expansions and recast expose kids to higher thinking and force them to grow]
