Chapter 5 Flashcards by Stevie Smith

Gastrointestinal tract

Begins at the mouth, where the food enters, and ends with the anus, where solid waste material leaves the body.

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Gastrointestinal Tract FOUR Functions

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination

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Ingestion

Complex food material taken into the mouth.

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Digested

Broken down, mechanically and chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal tract.

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Absorption

Nutrients from digested food pass through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.

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Elimination

The solid waste material that cannot be absorbed into the bloodstream leaves the blood.

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Mastication

Chewing

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Deglutition

Swallowing

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Labial

Front surface of tooth

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Peristatis

Involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs) propelling a bolus (mass of food) down toward the stomach.

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Bolus

Mass of food

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Pyloric sphincter

Allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine when it is ready.

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Large Intestines Three Parts

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

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Jaundice (Hyperbilirubenemia)

Yellow discoloration of the skin, white of the eyes and mucous membranes.

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An/o

Anus

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Append/o

Appendic/o

Appendix

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Bucc/o

Cheek

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Cec/o

Cecum

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Celi/o

Belly, abdomen

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Lapar/o

Abdomen

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Cheil/o

Labi/o

Lip

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Cholecyst/o

Gallbladder

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Chol/e

Gall, bile

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Choledoch/o

Common bile duct

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Col/o | Colon/o

Colon

Dent/i | Odont/o

Tooth

Duoden/o

Duodenum

Enter/o

Intestines, usually small intestines.

Anastomosis

Any surgical connection between two parts, such as vessels, ducts or bowl segments.

Para-

Apart from

Esophag/o

Esophagus

Fac/i

Face

Gastr/o

Stomach

Gingiv/o

Gums

Gloss/o | Lingu/o

Tongue

Hepat/o

Liver

Ile/o

Ileum

Jejun/o

Jejunum

Mandibul/o

Lower jaw; mandible

Or/o | Stomat/o

Mouth

Palat/o

Palate

Pancreat/o

Pancreas

Peritone/o

Peritoneum

Pharyng/o

Throat, pharynx

Proct/o

Anus and rectum

Pylor/o

Pyloric sphincter

Rect/o

Rectum

Sialaden/o

Salivary gland

Sigmoid/o

Sigmoid colon

Uvul/o

Uvula

Amyl/o

Starch

-ase

Enzyme

Bil/i

Gall, bile

Bilirubin/o

Bilirubin (bile pigment)

Lith/o

Stone

-iasis

Abnormal condition

-lithiasis

Abnormal condition of a stone

Chlorhydr/o

Hydrochloric acid

Gluc/o | Glyc/o

Sugar

Glycogen/o

Glycogen, animal starch

Lip/o

Fat, lipid

Prote/o

Protein

Py/o

Pus

Sial/o

Saliva, salivary

Steat/o

Fat

-lithotomy

Cutting in to remove a stone but not tissue

-chezia

(Bright Red Blood) defecation, elimination of waste

-prandial

Meal

Etiology

(Eti/o = cause) the study of illness and treatment

Idiopathic

(Idi/o = unknown) when the cause is unknown.

Anorexia

Lack of appetite.

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

Borborygmi

Rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid or both in the gastrointestinal tract.

Constipation

Difficulty in passing stools (feces).

Sign

Perceived by an examiner

Symptom

Experienced by the patient.

Diarrhea

Frequent passage of loose, watery stools.

Dysphagia

Difficulty in swallowing

Eructation

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth.

Flatus

Gas expelled through anus.

Hematochezia

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

Jaundice (icterus)

Yellow condition of skin, white of eyes by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubenemia)

Melena

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood.

Nausea

Unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit.

Steatorrhea

Fat in feces.

Herpetic stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus.

Oral leukoplakia

White plaques or patches on the mucosa of mouth.

Periodontal disease

Inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth and surrounding bone.

Achalasia

Failure of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax.

Esophageal Cancer

Malignant tumor of the esophagus.

Esophageal Varices

Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.

Gastric cancer

Malignant tumor of the stomach.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach.

Anal fistula

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus.

Colonic polyps

Polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

Colorectal cancer

Adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both.

Crohn Disease (Crohn’s)

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract.

Diverticulosis

Abnormal outpouching (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of colon.

Dysentery

Painful inflammation of the intestines commonly cause by bacterial infection.

Hemorrhoids

Swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region.

Ileus

Loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of intestines.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Inflammation of colon and small intestines.

Intussusception

Telescoping of intestines

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in intestines.

Ulcerative colitis

Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers.

Volvulus

Twisting the intestines on itself.

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones in gallbladder

Cirrhosis

Chronic degenerative disease of liver.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Liver cancer.

Pancreatic Cancer

Malignant tumor of the pancreas.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of pancreas.

Viral hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver cause by a virus.

Trocars

Used to puncture and enter abdomen.

Fistula

Abnormal passageway

Fissure

Split or crack.

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(115 cards)