Chapter 5: Factors Affecting Growth & Development

Question 1

slide 2

Question 2

Define teratogen

Answer 2

environmental agent that can cause birth defect or kill a fetus

Question 3

Why is the first 2-8 weeks a sensitive period ?

Answer 3

because there is no placenta and everything is going into the baby

Question 4

What are external factors that affect the fetus ?

Answer 4

What an expectant mother eats, breathes, drinks, or smokes, etc.

Question 5

Fetus is protected by placenta, but not impervious to outside environment. T/f

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Sensitive periods is when…

Answer 6

an organism is most sensitive to certain
environmental influences, such as teratogenic agent

Question 7

slide 4

Question 8

________________ (two words) interfere with basic biochemical processes

Answer 8

Teratogenic effects

Question 9

The susceptibility of teratogenic effects varies with __________________. (two words)

Answer 9

developmental stage

Question 10

Teratogienic specificity (ask J)

Question 11

Teratogenic affects differently (Ask J)

Question 12

The amount of risk of teratogenic effects depends on the _____________ and __________ received to the teratogens.

Answer 12

concentration; exposure

Question 13

Do teratogens affect the mother?

Answer 13

No it is mainly on the fetus

Question 14

There can be temporary or delayed effects from teratogens. T/F

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What are the internal (maternal) factors?

Answer 15

Maternal age

Nutrition

Genetic-related abnormalities

Fetal position

Maternal stress

Question 16

Describe the fetal position (internal factor).

Answer 16

head first, head down

40 weeks

breach baby: feet first, in the US a c-section will be done.

the fetal position can depend on the place you are living.

uterine band can be a teratogen, can cause amputation or death to baby when they get caught up in it. Uterine band can’t be prevented.

Question 17

Describe maternal stress (internal factor)

Answer 17

dad’s usually primary stress whether they are good or bad

domestic violence

overattentiveness can be smuthering

finances

maternity leave, apply for disability

females with body dismorphia

breastfeeding

Question 18

episiotomy

Answer 18

a cut to increase the tear of the cervix,

not recommended

Question 19

maternity leave

Answer 19

vaginal: 8 weeks
c-section: 11 weeks

Question 20

maternal age (internal factor)

Answer 20

Old Mothers with an age of 40-45
D: have higher risk of having a baby with down syndrome.
D: Likely to have a premature risk.
Higher risk of miscarriage.
A: may be more educated, likely to take care of themselves, have more money to provide for baby, financially stable. Likely to have a stable relationship.

Younger mothers.
D: Higher risk of preterm and miscarriage. Pelvis may not be fully developed.
D: Likely to get fistulas.
D: Less educated, not financially stable
D: stress, social stigma
D: less likely to go to doctor for prenatal care

Question 21

Each year in the United States, approximately 3 to 5% of births (approximately 125,000 infants) are born with a genetic abnormality

Question 22

Phenlyketinuria (PKU) (Genetic Abnormalities)

Answer 22

Phenlyketinuria (PKU)
- dad and mom both have genes
- can’t synthesize phenylalanine
- special diet entire life

Question 23

Down Syndrome (genetic abnormalities)

Answer 23

Downs Syndrome
- extra chromosome 21
- thicker neck, flat feet,
higher risk of obesity, flattened nasal bridge, possible heart problems, lower life expectancy
- high or low functioning
- higher risk of sexually and/or physically abused.

• measure bridge of nose, and the neck
• amniocentesis

Question 24

Sickle-Cell Anemia (genetic abnormalities)

Answer 24

immune to malaria
can’t be cured

organs can be damaged to lack of oxygen

Question 25

Radiation (external/environmental factors

Question 26

Drugs and chemicals (external/environmental factors)

Answer 26

smoking, alcohol, cocained, other cigarrettes: low birth weight, prone for lung conditions over the counter medication is dangerous because some people overdose, overprescribing

Question 27

Infection and diseases (external/environmental factors)

Answer 27

STDs, HIV

Question 28

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome video exam question

Answer 28

have faster heart rate trouble with memory, judgment, reason, perception math weak facial features: small eye lid openings short up turned nose long upper lip from lip to nose, thin red border and deficient central groove, reduced head size, agenesis is no corpus collosum or degensis is a little bit of corpus collosum. less lines on their hands affects brian development, eyes smaller than normal, microcephalic difficulty with problem solving problem with legal system because they don't understand consequences or cause and effect

Question 29

fetal alcohol syndrome video summary

Answer 29

it takes place in Indiana and describes the epidemic of opiodes: Oxytocin, mainly heroin

Question 30

_____________ is the chief contributor to infant illness and mortality.

Answer 30

Low Birth Weight

Question 31

Under _____________ is low birth weight

Answer 31

5.5 lbs (2500 g)

Question 32

Primary causes of low birth weight:

Answer 32

nutrition, smoking, alcohol, drugs

Question 33

Under _____________ is very low birth weight

Answer 33

3.3 lbs (1500 g)

Question 34

_______________ leads to deficits in physical growth and motor behavior

Answer 34

low birth weight

Question 35

Premature birth (preterm) is when a baby is born...

Answer 35

before 38 weeks (38–42 normal)

Question 36

Premature babies are immature, meaning that they have problems with...

Answer 36

respiratory temperature control - don't have enough baby fat to regulate temp. immune system - to improve: colostrum & breastmilk (has antibiotics and increases immunity) feeding - difficult because they may not have their sucking reflex and swallowing has not been developed neurological issues

Question 37

Nutrition for postnatal development

Answer 37

it is vital to physical growth & motor development

Question 38

Nutrition is critical to development of muscle tissue during puberty. T/F

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What type of diet is leading to obesity epidemic among children

Answer 39

a diet of too much fat, refined sugar and salt

Question 40

Amount of sugar for kids

Answer 40

3-4 grams

Question 41

Amount of sugar for adults

Answer 41

7 grams

Question 42

undernourished

Answer 42

physical condition where you can't break down the foods

Question 43

Malnourished

Question 44

Bulimia

Answer 44

purging, to take control of the body that was taken from them frequent trips to the bathroom after eating worn enamel of teeth scratches on hands when they provoke themselves to purge with their hands push friends away a lot of shame and guilt involved

Question 45

Anorexia

Answer 45

starving, to take control of the body that was taken from them they do not eat excessive exercise push friends away a lot of shame and guilt involved

Question 46

Over 90% of bulimia, anorexia, and obesity are a result of...

Answer 46

sexual assualt

Question 47

___________ have the biggest death rate in mental disorders.

Answer 47

Eating disorders

Question 48

Who can diagnose people with eating disorders?

Answer 48

medical doctors and psychologists if so they take them into a residential home, once they have a good body composition or are physical stable, then they can start therapy otherwise they can't IOP

Question 49

Obesity or overnutrition leads to an increase in...

Answer 49

type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrom, heart disease, sleep apnea (stop breathing when sleeping)

Question 50

Complication of type 2 diabetes

Answer 50

kidney issues, amputations of limbs, going blind

Question 51

What to do to reverse type 2 diabetes

Answer 51

strength training, reduce sugar, increase fiber

Question 52

Pros of breast feeding

Answer 52

has antibiotics and increases immune system, strong emotional bond, cost effective, reduced risk of breast cancer and post partum depression composition of the breast milk is correlated with that of the age of the baby babies are less likely to have constipation issues feces does not smell baby regulates own food intake, less likely to be obese as adults changes flavor for baby

Question 53

Pros for formula feeding

Answer 53

know how much milk baby has, but may be overfeeding them if forcing a meal

Question 54

Cons of breast feeding

Answer 54

- can be painful if baby does not attach properly - clogged milk ducts - dietary constrictions - time consuming - social stigma - diseases can be passed - exclusively breastfeed the first month, then can bottle feed afterwards

Question 55

Cons for formula feeding

Answer 55

don't learn to regulate food intake constipation, more gas health risks expensive given extra calories, sometimes forced to have a meal, when just thirsty only one flavor

Question 56

compare and contrast breast feeding with formula feeding

Question 57

23-30

Question 58

31

Answer 58

Thyroxine levels do not decrease by age

Question 59

Sedentary lifestyle leads to diabetes in old age.

Question 60

Gestational diabetes

Answer 60

mother has put so much weight during pregnancy

Question 61

What are the problems of gestational diabetes

Answer 61

big babies

Question 62

pubertal transitional diabetes

Answer 62

As entering puberty insulin decreseases

Question 63

What organ secretes insulin?

Answer 63

Pancreas

Question 64

The pancreas is well-developed by birth. T/F

Answer 64

T

Question 65

finish up 32 last bullet point prof disagrees

Question 66

33-34