Chapter 8: Early Movement Behavior Flashcards by Jennifer 💛

Reflexes

involuntary movement reactions elicited by sensory stimuli

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Movement responses of body controlled in _________________ (two words)

subcortical areas

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Most of 27 major infant reflexes disappear by 6 months. T/F

yes according to the book but no because some get into more complex

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What reflexes persist throughout life?

blinking, sneezing, etc.

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With neurologic damage, reflexes may ___________.

reemerge

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Why are having reflexes important?

 Stimulate the central nervous system and muscles
 Role in infant survival
 Used as diagnostic tool for assessing neurological
maturity

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What are the 3 types of reflexes?

primitive (can overlap with locomotor)
- present at birth
- for survival and protection

postural
- reaction to gravity

locomotor (can overlap with primitive)
- present at birth
- resemble voluntary locomotion

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some slides missing?

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Reflexes as diagnostic tools

can help determine the level of neruological maturation

reflexes are age specific….

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What are examples of primitive reflexes?

sucking, rooting (search reflex), moro, grasping, tonic neck

they are suppressed around 3-4 months after birth

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Primitive reflexes: sucking reflex

 Occurs pre-and postnatally

 Babies are born with blisters on lips

 Stimulated by touching the lips

 sucking for nourishment is joined with the instinctive response to seek food using the rooting reflex.

 characteristics still evident until 6 to 9 months of age.

pacifiers have been correlated with orthodontic care later on in life

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Primitive Reflexes: Rooting Reflex

 Locate nourishment

 Head toward the food

 Works in conjunctions with sucking reflex
- usually appears before the sucking reflex

 Contributes to head- and body-righting reflexes.

 persists until approximately the 9th month

breast crawl

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Primitive Reflex: Moro reflex

 Palm of hand lifts back of head

 Hand is removed suddenly so that head begins to fall

 Head is supported

 Moro reflex precedes the startle reflex and causes the arms and legs to extend immediately rather than flex
- moro reflex is replaced or turns into the startle reflex

 Disappears at 4-6 months

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Primitive Reflex: Startle reflex

 Similar to the Moro reflex

 May not appear until 2-3 months after Moro disappears

 Elicited by a rapid change of head position, by striking the surface that supports the baby, loud noise

 Causes the arms and legs to flex immediately

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Primitive reflex: Palmar grasp reflex

 One of the most noticeable reflexes to emerge

 Appears in utero

 Endures through the 4th month postpartum

 Negative palmer grasp: neurological problems; spasticity

 Leads to voluntary reaching and grasping

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Primitive reflex: Asymmetric & Symmetric Tonic Neck
Reflex

 Causes flexion on one side and extension on the other.

 Appear ~7 fetal months of age and disappear ~5 months.

 Not always seen in newborn

 Facilitates the development of bilateral body awareness

 Symmetric persistence may impede other motor milestone

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13 skipped

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Primitive Reflex: Babkin Reflex

 elicited at birth and normally disappears by the 3rd month.

 Elicited by providing pressure simultaneously to both palms, which causes the infant to exhibit one or all of the following behaviors: mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, and head tilts forward.

 If it persists after the 12th week, it is a sign of spastic-motor development.

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Primitive Reflex: Babinski Reflex

 Test of the pyramidal tract activity for later motor movement
 This reflex normally is suppressed by the 4th month.

touch side of the baby’s foot and the toes uncurl

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Primitive Reflex: Planter Grasp Reflex

 involuntary responses to stroke stimulation along the sole of the infant’s foot.

 Toes contract or flex as if attempting to grasp the object.

 The plantar grasp reflex may persist through the first year of life.

 This reflex must disappear before the baby can stand or walk

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What are the postural Reflexes?

 Head-and body Righting Reflex
 Labyrinthine Righting Reflex
 Pull up Reflex
 Parachuting reflex

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Postural Reflexes ~ Head-and-Body Righting

 The head “rights” itself with the body when the body is turned to one side

 Body follows head

 Precursor to rolling movements

 Appear around the 2nd month and persist until about 6 months of age
- this is because they are usually mastering sitting and do not want to lie down anymore

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Postural Reflexes: Labyrinthine Righting Reflex

 Related to upright posture
- to ellicit upright posture

 Head tilts in the opposite direction of body tilt

 Appears around 2nd month, increases about 6th month, integrated by 12 months

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Postural reflexes: pull-up reflex

 Is an involuntary attempt to maintain an upright position.  Placing the infant in an upright sitting position while holding its hands and carefully tipping it backward or forward.  Will flex or extend its arms in an apparent effort to maintain the upright posture  This reflex usually appears around the 3rd month and disappears by the end of the 1st year.

Postural reflexes: parachuting reflex

 Related to upright posture  Conscious attempt to break a potential fall  Forward and downward present around the 4th month.  The sideward propping around the 6th month.  The backward response observable between 10 to 12 months

What are the locomotor reflexes

 Resemble later voluntary locomotor movements  Crawling reflex  Stepping (walking) reflex  Swimming reflex  Integrated by 5–6 months

Locomotor Reflexes ~ Crawling

interwines with primitive reflexes  Believed to be essential to the voluntary creeping movement  Observed from birth to 3-4 months  Disappears by the 4th month, voluntary crawling generally is not observed until around the sixth or seventh month it does not disappear, it just that legs are too heavy in order to place knees forward legs go under body and they push themselves comes back in 8-9 months

Locomotor reflexes: stepping reflexes

 Is the forerunner to walking  present by the end of the first week after birth,  The stepping reflex normally persists to the 4th month. - after the 4th months it can be seen only in water because they are more lighter in water feet have to be on a surface in order to ellicit this reflex

Locomotor reflexes: swimming reflexes

Swimming-like movements when held in a horizontal position  Can be elicited during the second week after birth by holding the infant horizontally in the water with its head up or over the surface of the water  This involuntary response usually disappears by about the fourth month - because they are heavy, but will be seen in water since they are lighter in water

In contrast to reflex behavior, spontaneous movements, are _________________________________ that appear in the absence of any known stimuli.

stereotypic repetitive motions

What are the three reflexes, how is it tested, give an example, and what age does it dissapear, or what complex reflex does it morph into? EXAM QUESTION

how long is gestation in months?

10 months or 40 weeks

Earliest movements occur at ___ fetal weeks.

What are common stereotypies?

Alternate leg kicking Single leg kicking Kicking with both legs together arm waving with object rocking on hands and knees arm banging against a surface (hand movements not evident until 3.5 to 5.5 mths) finger flex

Peak frequency of hand movement occurs between ____ to _________.

8.5; 10.5mths

How can babies repair the mother, and how is she more in tune with the baby?

stem cells

What is the precursor reflex for crawling?

rocking on hands and knees

Dragging body along is crawling, going on all fours, it is creeping. T/F

T, that is how it is known in motor developmental terms

At what age does crawling occur?

crawling, as a reminder, is dragging body, and it occurs at 6-8 months

At what age does creeping occur?

As a reminder, creeping is moving with abdomen clear and occurs 8-10 months

At what age does walking occur?

with support at 9-10 months alone at 12-14 months perfected movement at 5 years (6mths, 10mths, 1yr, 5 yr) old

Spontaneous arm movements may appear after _____.

birth

Rudimentary is ____________.

predictable

Around what age does a baby holds their head erect voluntarily?

1 month

Around what age does a baby hold their head and chin up?

2 months

Around what age does a baby hold their chest up with arm support ?

3 months

Around what age does the baby elevate the head when supine?

4-5 months

Around what age do movement from side to back?

2 months

Around what age does the baby move from their back to side/stomach to side?

3-4 months

Around what age does the baby move from their back to stomach?

5-6 months

Around what age does the baby move from their stomach to back?

8 months

When can a baby sit with support?

3-4 months

When can a baby sit alone?

5 1/2 to 6 1/2

When can a baby get themselves into a sitting position?

8 months

When can a baby sit down?

9 months

Kinesthetic memories

When do babies stand by holding on to furniture?

6-8 months also known as cruising

When do babies stand by pulling themselves to stand?

7 1/2 - 9 1/2

When do babies stand alone?

11-13

Toes out, no fluid motion, arms out for balance, no flexion of knee

Marking time:

When climbing, or when walking steps, baby uses leading leg only

Base of foot support development

narrows to the appox lateral dimension of the trunk

foot contact development

flat foot to heal - toe pattern

foot angle development

toe-outing in toeing abnormal

single knee lock development

double knee lock

pelvic rotation development

increases, observed by 14 months

high arm guard position development

lowered and arm swing

At what age do babies have the locomotor ability of crawling?

body drag 6-8 months

At what age do babies have the locomotor ability of creeping?

abdodmen clear 8-10 months

How does the locomotor ability of walking develop? What are the steps?

Walk with support 9-10 months alone (well) 12-14 months backward 14-18 months stairs (up and down) 2-4 yrs perfected 5 yrs

What are the basic components of manual control comprised of?

reaching, grasping, releasing

Prehension:

initial voluntary use (basic e.g grasping)

Manipulation:

skillful use e.g. threading a needle

Non-goal-directed manual control description:

 Involuntary grasping (7th fetal month to 4 months)  Spontaneous arm and hand movements  Parallel voluntary efforts

Goal-directed manual control description:

 4–5 months  Corralling—to pull an object in  With experience, learn to adjust grasping

At what age do babies make corrections based on visual information?

7 months

Palmar Grasp:

without thumb opposed, uses thumb and fingers to hold against palm

Pseudo thumb opposition: thumb opposes fingers, but not fingertips

Pincer grasp: advanced, thumb to forefinger

Chapter 8: Early Movement Behavior Flashcards

(84 cards)