Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Question 1

In what layer of the skin are melanocytes found?

Answer 1

The stratum basale

Question 2

Name the two major pigments in the epidermis

Answer 2

Pheomelanin (red-yellow), eumelanin (brown-black), and carotene (orange-yellow)

Question 3

What are the body’s two sources of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)?

Answer 3

Sunlight and food

Question 4

Explain the relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 synthesis

Answer 4

In the presence of UV radiation in sunlight, epidermal cells in the stratum spinosum and stratum basale convert cholesterol-related steroid compound into cholecalciferol or vitamin D3

Question 5

Why does exposure to sunlight darken skin?

Answer 5

When exposed to UV radiation in sunlight, melanocytes in the epidermis and dermis synthesize melanin

Question 6

Describe the subcutaneous layer

Answer 6

A layer of loose connective tissue (areolar) and adipose tissue below the dermis. Not part of the integument, but important in stabilizing the position of the skin relative to underlying tissues

Question 7

Identify several functions of subcutaneous fat

Answer 7

Provides insulation, energy reserve, and acts as shock absorber

Question 8

Describe a typical strand of hair

Answer 8

Keratinous strand produced by epithelial cells of the hair follicle

Question 9

What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?

Answer 9

The muscle pulle the hair follicle errect causing goosebumps

Question 10

Where do apocrine glands and eccrine (merocrine) glands discharge their secretions?

Answer 10

An apocrine gland discharges its secretion into a hair follicle

Am eccrine (merocrine) gland discharges its secretion directly onto the epidermis

Question 11

Identify two types of exocrine glands found in the skin

Answer 11

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Question 12

What are the functions of sebaceous secretions?

Answer 12

Sebum lubricates and protects the keratin of the hair shaft, lubricate and condition the surrounding skin, and inhibit the growth of bacteria

Question 13

Deoderants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland?

Answer 13

Used to mask the odor of apocrine sweat gland secretions

Question 14

Which type of skin gland is most affected by the hormonal changes that occur during puberty?

Answer 14

Apocrine sweat glands enlarge and increase secretory activity in response to the increase in sex hormones that occur at puberty

Question 15

Which gland functions in thermoregulation?

Answer 15

Eccrine sweat gland

Question 16

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

Answer 16

Sebaceous gland

Question 17

The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are

Answer 17

terminal hairs

Question 18

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

Answer 18

Hypodermis

Question 19

The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is

Answer 19

MSH Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

Question 20

Hair turns gray or white because of

Answer 20

decreased melanocyte activity

Question 21

Where can you find an aprocrine sweat gland?

Answer 21

Armpits, nipples, and pubic region

Question 22

What substance makes fingernails hard?

Answer 22

Keratin

Question 23

What term is used to describe the thickened stratum corneum underlying the free edge of a nail?

Answer 23

Hyponychium

Question 24

_____ cell divisions replace lost epidermal cells, and _____ cell divisions replace lost dermal cells

Answer 24

Basal
Mesenchymal

Question 25

What term describes the combination of fibrin clots, fibroblasts, and extensive network of capillaries in healing tissue?

Answer 25

Granulation tissue

Question 26

Skin can regenerate effectively even after considerable damage has occurred because

Answer 26

stem cells persist in the skin even after injury

Question 27

The two components of the cutaneous membrane are the

Answer 27

Epidermis and dermis

Question 28

Accessory structures of the skin include

Answer 28

Hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails

Question 29

An epidermal layer found only on in the skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet is the

Answer 29

Stratum lucidum

Question 30

What layer of the epidermis contains melanocytes

Answer 30

Stratum basale

Question 31

The layer of the skin that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the surface of the skin is the

Answer 31

Papillary layer (capillaries)

Question 32

Glands that discharge a waxy secretion into hair follicles are

Answer 32

Sebaceous glands

Question 33

Most body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by the

Answer 33

Apocrine sweat glands

Question 34

The highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands would be found on the

Answer 34

palms of the hands

Question 35

The nail body covers the

Answer 35

nail bed

Question 36

Nail production occurs at the

Answer 36

Root

Question 37

The dense mass of dead keratinized cells of the nail is the

Answer 37

Body

Question 38

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the type and amount of pigment produced by

Answer 38

Melanocytes

Question 39

"Rug burn" is an example of a

Answer 39

Abrasion

Question 40

The repair of the dermis begins as fibroblasts produce

Answer 40

Collagen fibers

Question 41

Epidermal ridges: A. Extend into the dermis B. Interconnect with the dermal papillae C. Cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin D. Produce patterns that are determined genetically E. All of the Above

Answer 41

E. All of the Above

Question 42

Deodorants are used to mask the odor of _______ secretions

Answer 42

apocrine

Question 43

Scar tissue is the result of

Answer 43

An abnormally large number of collagen fibers and relatively few blood vessels at the repair site

Question 44

The reproducing cells of the skin are located in the

Answer 44

Stratum basale

Question 45

The most numerous glands are the

Answer 45

Merocrine glands

Question 46

A type of burn that is inflamed but with no blisters

Answer 46

First-degree burn

Question 47

The primary pigments in the epidermis

Answer 47

Carotene and melanin

Question 48

A fibrin clot that is formed over a skin wound is a

Answer 48

Scab

Question 49

Sensible perspiration is secreted by the

Answer 49

Eccrine sweat glands

Question 50

The layer of the epidermis that contains abundant desmosomes is the

Answer 50

Stratum spinosum

Question 51

_____ are the cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system

Answer 51

Dendritic cells

Question 52

Accumulations of fluid within the epidermis or between the epidermis and dermis are called

Answer 52

Blisters

Question 53

With inadequate sunlight exposure, to prevent abnormal bone development, what organic nutrient is necessary in the diet

Answer 53

Cholecalciferol

Question 54

All of the following are true of the subcutaneous layer except it A. Is well supplied with nerves that pass into the skin B. Permits independent movement of deeper structures C. Contains many blood vessels D. Contains large amounts of adipose tissue E. Is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane

Answer 54

E. Is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane

Question 55

A common cause of dandruff is

Answer 55

Inflammation around sebaceous glands

Question 56

Sebaceous glands are classified as

Answer 56

Simple branched alveolar glands

Question 57

The combination of fibrin clot, fibroblasts, and extensive capillary network that is formed in injured skin is called

Answer 57

Granulation tissue

Question 58

Skin surfaces that lack hair also contain specialized epithelial sensiry cells _____ scattered among the stratum basale

Answer 58

Merkel Cells