Chapter 6: Bones

Question 1

Adipose tissue that is found in certain internal bone cavities

Answer 1

Yellow bone marrow

Question 2

The major functions of the skeletal system

Answer 2

Support, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, and leverage

Question 3

The six categories of bones

Answer 3

Sutural, irregular, short, flat, long, and sesamoid

Question 4

Where is spongy bone found in long bones?

Answer 4

Epiphyses

Question 5

Where is spongy bone found in flat bones?

Answer 5

Between two layers of compact bone

Question 6

Bone markings or surface features are characteristics of

Answer 6

A bone’s surface that have specific functions, such as joint formation, muscle attachment, or the passage of nerves and blood vessels

Question 7

A prominent ridge where ligaments or tendons attach to the bone is a

Answer 7

Crest

Question 8

Where is a sesamoid most often found?

Answer 8

Near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet

Question 9

A large, round, articulating process of a bone is a

Answer 9

Condyle

Question 10

Small, flat, irregularly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull are called

Answer 10

Sutural bones

Question 11

A smooth, grooved articulating process of bone shaped like a pulley is a

Answer 11

Trochlea

Question 12

A general term for a bony projection, often where a muscle, tendon, or ligament attaches to a bone is called a

Answer 12

Process

Question 13

The carpals or wrist bones are examples of

Answer 13

Short bones

Question 14

The narrow zone that connects the epiphysis and the diaphysis of long bones is the

Answer 14

Metaphysis

Question 15

A muscle attachment site, which appears as a slightly raised and roughened area on the bone is called a

Answer 15

Tuberosity

Question 16

Which anatomical term describes a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves?

Answer 16

Foramen

Question 17

An expanded joint surface shaped like a ball and found on the articular end of the epiphysis is called a

Answer 17

Head

Question 18

Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate locations

Answer 18

where blood vessels or nerves lay alongside or penetrated bones

Question 19

Which component of the bone stores energy?

Answer 19

Yellow marrow

Question 20

What kind of bone is the vertebra?

Answer 20

Irregular

Question 21

Thin bones that form the roof of the skull, the sternum, and the scapulae are considered

Answer 21

Flat bones

Question 22

What is the order of progression of a bone cell from earliest to latest

Answer 22

An osteogenic cell divides to produce osteoblasts, then osteocytes when they are surrounded by bone matrix

Question 23

Cells that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix are called

Answer 23

Osteclasts

Question 24

What are the two major functions of osteocytes

Answer 24

Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix, and take part in the repair of damaged bone

Question 25

How would the compressive strength of a bone be affected if its ratio of collagen to hydroxyapatite increased?

Answer 25

The bone would become less strong and more flexible

Question 26

What are the three ways in which lamellae are organized in compact bone?

Answer 26

Concentrically around an osteon, interstitially between osteons, and circumferentially around the entire bone

Question 27

Meshwork of supporting bundles of fiber in the matrix of spongy bone is called the

Answer 27

Trabeculae

Question 28

Trabeculae are oriented

Answer 28

across stress lines and extensively cross-braced

Question 29

The ______ covers the superficial layer of compact bone and is made up of ______

Answer 29

periosteum; the fibrous and cellular layers

Question 30

The ______ covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals of compact bone

Answer 30

endosteum

Question 31

How is the tendon connected to a bone so that it will withstand the force that must be applied by the muscle to move the bone?

Answer 31

The collagen fibers of the tendon and the periosteum are incorporated into the bone tissue

Question 32

Canals that extend perpendicularly through bone to supply blood to deeper osteons and to tissues of the medullary cavity are __________ canals

Answer 32

perforating

Question 33

Even as an adult, we have populations of primitive cells that can produce osteoblasts. These primitive cells are called _______

Answer 33

osteogenic cells

Question 34

The term for the expanded end of a long bone where the joint surfaces are located is the ______

Answer 34

epiphysis

Question 35

Spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones?

Answer 35

Expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements

Question 36

Two-thirds of a bone's weight is composed of calcium phosphate which interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of ______

Answer 36

hydroxyapatite

Question 37

Narrow passageways that allow osteocytes to communicate with neighboring osteocytes are called ________

Answer 37

canaliculi

Question 38

The outer dense connective tissue of a bone, the periosteum, ________

Answer 38

isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair

Question 39

The endosteum is found in all of the following places except the ______

Answer 39

covering the outside surface of the bones

Question 40

The region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where _______

Answer 40

cartilage is not replaced by bone until after puberty

Question 41

As osteoclasts absorb and remove bone matrix, they leave shallow depressions called a(n) _______

Answer 41

osteoclastic crypt (Howship's lacunae)

Question 42

Cells that produce new bone matrix are called _______

Answer 42

osteoblasts

Question 43

Rare form of ossification of the muscles

Answer 43

Myositis ossificans

Question 44

The process of cartilage gradually being replaced by bone

Answer 44

Endochondral ossification

Question 45

The three major sets of blood vessels in a typical bone are the

Answer 45

Nutrient artery and vein, metaphyseal vessels, and periosteal vessels

Question 46

In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

Answer 46

Cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium

Question 47

During intramembranous ossification, which type of tissue is replaced by bone?

Answer 47

Mesenchyme or embryonic fibrous connective tissue

Question 48

Describe bone remodeling

Answer 48

The process where old bone is continuously destroyed by osteoclasts while new bone is constructed by osteoblasts

Question 49

What are the hormones that stimulate bone growth?

Answer 49

Growth hormone and thyroxine

Question 50

Appositional growth _______

Answer 50

increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 51

In endochondral ossification, blood vessels penetrate and invade the central region of the cartilaginous model. This first area that is invaded is called the _______

Answer 51

primary ossification center

Question 52

The hormone synthesized in the kidneys that regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is ______

Answer 52

calcitriol

Question 53

Which of the following is not brought about by parathyroid hormone? A. Decreased production of calcitriol B. Decreased rate of excretion of calcium by the kidneys C. Increased absorption of calcium by the small intestine D. Increased osteoclast activity

Answer 53

A. Decreased production of calcitriol

Question 54

At which point in fracture repair would you find an external callus?

Answer 54

An external callus forms early in the healing process, when cells from the endosteum and periosteum migrate to the area of the fracture

Question 55

Define osteopenia

Answer 55

Osteopenia is inadequate ossification and is common during the aging process. It results from decreasing osteoblast activity accompanied by normal osteoclast activity

Question 56

A fracture of the ankle where both the distal ends of the tibia and fibula broken is called a ________ fracture

Answer 56

Pott's

Question 57

Darcy wrecks her bike and experiences a break in the distal portion of her radius, which now projects out of her skin. Which type of fracture does she have?

Answer 57

An open Colles' fracture

Question 58

Fractures that shatter a bone into many small fragments are called __________ fractures

Answer 58

comminuted

Question 59

A fracture in which one side of the shaft is broken and the other side is bent is a _________

Answer 59

greenstick fracture

Question 60

A fracture that results in the break of a bone across the long axis of the shaft is called a _________ fracture

Answer 60

transverse

Question 61

What hormone is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

Answer 61

Calcitonin

Question 62

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

Answer 62

Calcitriol

Question 63

Which portion of the developing long bone ossifies before the other portions?

Answer 63

Diaphysis

Question 64

Which cells divide rapidly on the epiphyseal side at the epiphyseal plate, resulting in lengthening of the bone?

Answer 64

Chondrocytes

Question 65

Bone is a type of connective tissue, with specialized cells embedded in a matrix. What does the matrix of bone consist of?

Answer 65

Approximately two-thirds of the weight of bone is composed primarily of calcium salts that form hard, brittle crystals of hydroxyapatite. The other major component of the bony matrix is the collagen fibers that provide tensile strength to bone

Question 66

Which region of the vertebral column would be most accessible from a posterior surgical approach

Answer 66

Lamina

Question 67

What part of a vertebra is known as the centrum?

Answer 67

Body