Chapter 9: Joints

Question 1

When classifying a joint based on structure, the four types are

Answer 1

Fibrous, catilaginous, bony, or synovial

Question 2

An immovable joint is called

Answer 2

Synarthrosis

Question 3

A slightly movable joint is called

Answer 3

Amphiarthrosis

Question 4

A freely movable joint is called

Answer 4

Diarthrosis or synovial

Question 5

What are the four types of synarthrosis joints?

Answer 5

Suture, gomphosis, synchondrosis, synostosis

Question 6

What are the two types of amphiarthrosis joints?

Answer 6

Syndesmosis and symphysis

Question 7

What are the planes of movement for a diarthrosis joint?

Answer 7

Monoaxial: movement in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Triaxial: movement in three planes

Question 8

What characteristics do typical synarthrotic and amphiarthrotic joints share?

Answer 8

Both, except synostosis, consist of bony regions separated by fibrocartilage or cartilaginous connective tissue

Question 9

The synovial fluid that fills the joint cavity originates in the

Answer 9

Areolar tissue of the synovial membrane

Question 10

What structure covers the bony surfaces of a synovial joint to prevent the surfaces from touching?

Answer 10

Articular cartilage on each bony surface is separated by a thin layer of synovial fluid

Question 11

Clear, viscous solution with the consistency of egg yolk or molasses containing proteoglycans

Answer 11

Synovial fluid

Question 12

The primary functions of the synovial fluid include

Answer 12

Lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption

Question 13

What are the accessory structures of synovial joints?

Answer 13

Pads of cartilage or fat, ligaments, tendons, and bursae

Question 14

Small, thin, fluid-filled pockets in connective tissue that reduce friction and act as shock absorbers are called

Answer 14

Bursae

Question 15

The most common pressure related bursitis is a

Answer 15

Bunion

Question 16

The structures that pass across or around a joint, limiting range of motion and providing support, are ______

Answer 16

tendons

Question 17

A fibrous joint that is slightly movable is called a ______

Answer 17

syndesmosis

Question 18

A twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole is called

Answer 18

Inversion

Question 19

Flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole when you dig in your heels is called

Answer 19

Dorsiflexion

Question 20

Extending the ankle joint elevating the heel when you stand tiptoe is called

Answer 20

Plantar flexion

Question 21

Identify the types of synovial joints based on the shapes of the articulating surfaces

Answer 21

Plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints

Question 22

The thin vertebral end plates are composed of

Answer 22

Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage

Question 23

Why do we get shorter as we age?

Answer 23

Due to the water loss from the discs causing the vertebral column to shorten

Question 24

The ligamentum flavum is a ligament that connects

Answer 24

The laminae of adjacent vertebrae

Question 25

Within an intervertebral disc, which structure provides the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage and which structure provides the soft inner core for resiliency and shock absorption?

Answer 25

The annulus fibrosus provides the tough outer layer of fibrocartilage and the nucleus pulposus provides the soft inner core for resiliency and shock absorption

Question 26

Which ligaments connect the bodies of the vertebrae together?

Answer 26

The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Question 27

The soft, gelatinous core of the intervertebral disc is called the

Answer 27

Nucelus pulposus

Question 28

At the ______ the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius

Answer 28

humeroradial joint

Question 29

The _______ stabilizes the lateral surface of the elbow joint

Answer 29

radial collateral ligament

Question 30

Upward twisting pull on the elbow joint resulting in partial dislocation of the radial head from the annular ligament is a

Answer 30

Nursemaid's elbow

Question 31

What are the seven major ligaments that stabilize the knee joint?

Answer 31

Patellar retinaculae, 2 popliteal ligaments, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), tibial/medial collateral ligament (MCL), and fibular/lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

Question 32

Which joint permits the greatest range of motion?

Answer 32

Glenohumeral joint

Question 33

The major ligaments that stabilize the shoulder joint are the

Answer 33

Acromioclavicular, coracoclavicular, coraco-acromial, coracohumeral, and glenohumeral ligaments

Question 34

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff?

Answer 34

SITS Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

Question 35

The ligament of the femoral head or ligament teres attaches to the

Answer 35

Fovea capitis

Question 36

The most common type of arthritis

Answer 36

Osteoarthritis or degenrative joint disease

Question 37

When crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints is called

Answer 37

Gouty arthritis

Question 38

What mechanism allows standing for prolonged periods without continually contracting the extensor muscles?

Answer 38

A slight lateral rotation of the tibia tightens the anterior cruciate ligament and joins the meniscus between the tibia and the femur

Question 39

Structurally, the joint found between adjacent vertebral bodies is a ______

Answer 39

symphysis

Question 40

The fluid that fills the joint cavity in a diarthrosis joint is produced by the _________

Answer 40

synovial membrane

Question 41

A torn lateral collateral ligament destabilizes the connection between which of the bones in the knee joint?

Answer 41

the femur and the fibula

Question 42

Which term describes a complex movement that includes both changing the angle at a joint and then moving the distal bone in a circular direction?

Answer 42

Circumduction

Question 43

Which terms describe the types of movement allowed at the thumb?

Answer 43

Angular motion and biaxial

Question 44

Which condition more commonly occurs with advancing age?

Answer 44

Osteoarthritis

Question 45

Jessica is suffering from juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, the most common type of childhood arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the synovial membrane. What treatment would you recommend for Jessica?

Answer 45

Light exercise and NSAIDs

Question 46

Crackling or grinding noise heard when a joint moves is called

Answer 46

Crepitus

Question 47

Due to a metabolic problem which uric acid crystals accumulate, often felt in the big toe first

Answer 47

Gouty arthritis

Question 48

The atlantoaxial joint is an example of a _____ joint

Answer 48

pivot

Question 49

The interspinous ligament is

Answer 49

A band of fibrous tissue connecting the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 50

The anterior longitudinal ligament is

Answer 50

A wide fibrous band that connects the anterior surface of the adjacent vertebral bodies

Question 51

In nursemaids elbow, the radial head is dislocated from the

Answer 51

anular ligament

Question 52

Factors that increase the stability of the hip joint include A. strong muscular padding B. tough capsule C. supporting ligaments D. almost complete bony socket E. all of the answers are correct

Answer 52

E. all of the answers are correct

Question 53

The glenoid fossa is rimmed by the fibrocartilagenous

Answer 53

glenoid labrum

Question 54

Syndesmosis is to ligament as symphysis is to

Answer 54

rigid cartilaginous bridge

Question 55

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

Answer 55

Opposition

Question 56

The joint between the trapezium and metacarpal bone of the thumb is an example of a ____ joint

Answer 56

saddle

Question 57

What structural feature of the elbow joint limits the degree of extension allowed?

Answer 57

Olecranon process if ulna and olecranon fossa of humerus

Question 58

The articular process of vertebrae form _____ joints

Answer 58

gliding

Question 59

How is a bulging dic different from a herniated disc?

Answer 59

The anulus fibrosus protudes into the vertebral canal and is still in tact