Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an experience
- information, skill, trick, etc.

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

Process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses
(voluntary or involuntary)

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

explains how certain stimuli can trigger automatic responses
1. Unconditioned Stimulus
2. Unconditioned Response
3. Conditioned Stimulus
4. Conditioned Response

Question 4

Pavlov

Answer 4

Russian Physicist that was the first to discover and study classical conditioning (used dogs and bells)

Question 5

What did pavlov recognize in his experiment?

Answer 5

Stimulus under investigation did not produce a new behavior but caused an existing one to occur

Question 6

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 6

does not produce a response the first time it is introduced
- no association is linked

Question 7

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

Natural Stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning (natural)

Question 8

Unconditioned Response

Answer 8

Unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 9

Formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (learning has occurred)

Question 10

Conditioned Response

Answer 10

Learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

when you respond to similar things as the stimulus
- ex. sound similar

Question 12

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

When you have a response to a specific kind of simulation
- maybe you ignore a different one

Question 13

Higher order learning

Answer 13

when you develop a response when you never bring in a condition
- the ability to achieve learning, when learning already established

Question 14

Timing

Answer 14

Vital, if you do not pair these things together quickly, the animal/person will not make the association

Question 15

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

Answer 15

Gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior (must pair it over and over again or it will be lost)

Question 16

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 16

Reappearance of a previously extinguished response after a period of time without exposure ti the conditioned stimulus (randomly start the behavior again after exposing)

Question 17

Behavioralism

Answer 17

belief that all behavior is a result of conditioning and learning (not 100% correct, but mostly true)

Question 18

Watson

Answer 18

sounded behavioralism
- advocated scientific study of objectively observed behavior
- conducted case on little Albert*

Question 19

What is classical conditioning used for in real world?

Answer 19

advertising

Question 20

Conditioned Emotional Reactions

Answer 20

elicit natural response
- involved in a serious car accident; can’t go back to that place
- such as a loud noise making a baby cry

Question 21

Conditioned Fears

Answer 21

Phobias - for example

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Answer 22

deals with the learning of active, voluntary behaviors that are shaped and maintained by their consequences
- example is training dogs

Question 23

Thorndike

Answer 23

First psychologist to systematically investigate animal learning and how voluntary behaviors are influenced by their consequences
- used trial and error
- discovered Law of effect

Question 24

Law of effect

Answer 24

states that if a behavior results in a good consequence, it will be repeated and if it results in a bad result, it will not be repeated

Question 25

Operant conditioning Puzzle Boxes

Answer 25

Cats had to escape from a puzzle box - process was by trial and error - observation led to law of effect

Question 26

B.F. Skinner

Answer 26

believed psychology should limit itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified - did not care about thoughts, emotions, etc. only what you can see

Question 27

Skinner box

Answer 27

used boxes with rats to trial reinforcement

Question 28

Positive reinforcement

Answer 28

followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus - increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

Question 29

Negative reinforcement

Answer 29

response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

used to get the person/animal to repeat the behavior - positive or negative

Question 31

Primary reinforcer

Answer 31

stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities

Question 32

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Answer 32

stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer - conditioned to learn that something means something (like money, medals, etc.)

Question 33

Punishment

Answer 33

process in which a behavior is followed by an aversive consequence that decreases the likelihood of behavior's being repeated (unpleasant) - behavior won't be repeated/ it will decrease

Question 34

Punishment by application

Answer 34

Positive punishment: a situation in which an operant is followed by presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus

Question 35

Punishment by removal

Answer 35

Negative punishment: a situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus

Question 36

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 36

specific stimulus in the presence of a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced

Question 37

Shaping

Answer 37

Selectively reinforcing successfully closer approximations of goal behavior until goal behavior is displayed - ex. Training dogs

Question 38

Extinction

Answer 38

gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior: occurs when behavior was no longer followed by a reinforcer

Question 39

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 39

when a reinforcement is given every time a behavior happens

Question 40

Partial reinforcement

Answer 40

when a reinforcement is only given some of the times

Question 41

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 41

set number (like getting a snack after reading 30 pages)

Question 42

Fixed interval Schedule

Answer 42

time is set and fixed (like getting grades at end of semester)

Question 43

Variable interval

Answer 43

not a set number (like checking messages on phone after being on silent)

Question 44

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 44

number of responses (random) - like a slot machine

Question 45

4 things required for observational learning

Answer 45

1. have to be paying attention 2. retention (form and store a memory of what you observe) 3. reproduction (transform memory into an action) 4. motivation

Question 46

Mirror neurons

Answer 46

reflect visual processing and mentally represent and interpret the actions of others

Question 47

Strategies to improve self control and overcome temptations of short term reinforcers

Answer 47

1. Precommitment 2. Self reinforcement 3. stimulus control 4. focus on the delayed reinforcer 5. observe good role models