Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards

(62 cards)

1
Q

Memory

A

a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

We still do not fully know/understand what memory is, but we know about networks and it is believed that memory taps into these networks

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3
Q

What are the three major processes of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and retrieval

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4
Q

Encoding

A

transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by memory system (kind of like a language)

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5
Q

Storage

A

Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovering stored information for conscious awareness (going in and getting that information)

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7
Q

The stage model of theory

A

Belief that information is acquired and stored within either sensory, short term or long term memory

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8
Q

Sensory memory

A

Registers a great deal of information from environment for a very brief period of time (usually lost)

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9
Q

Short Term memory

A

temporarily holds all the information you are currently thinking about or consciously aware of

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10
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Long term storage of information, potentially for a lifetime

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11
Q

What happens every time you remember something?

A

You recreate it, therefore changes slightly each time

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12
Q

What is the function of sensory memory?

A

very briefly store sensory impressions so that they overlap slightly with one another
- used to perceive the world as continuous, rather than disjointed images and sounds

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13
Q

Visual Sensory Memory

A

Often referred to as iconic memory because it is the brief memory of an image or icon
- lasts 1/4 to 1/2 a second

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14
Q

George Sparling

A

tested visual sensory memory

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15
Q

Auditory sensory memory

A

sometimes referred to as echoic memory, meaning a brief memory that is like an echo
- lasts up to three or four seconds
- slightly delayed

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16
Q

Short term working memory

A

Provides temporary storage for information transferred from sensory and long term memory
- lasts about 20 seconds
- lasts longer via maintenance rehearsal

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17
Q

Capacity

A

“Magical number” is four plus or minus one
- chunking allows for increased

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18
Q

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

A

The terms of working memory and short term memory are sometimes used interchangeably
- three main components (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive)

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19
Q

Phonological loop

A

verbal info (letters, words, numbers)

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20
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

spacial information (layout of city or bedroom)

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21
Q

Central Executive

A

Controls attention and integrate info and decide what parts to use and when

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22
Q

Duration of long term memory

A

longer than 20 seconds
- has limitless storage capacity
- quick retrieval; with little effort

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23
Q

Procedural memory

A

how to perform different skills, operations, and actions

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24
Q

Episodic Memory

A

memory of specific events or episodes

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25
Autobiographical Memory
memory of life events
26
Semantic memory
general knowledge (what's the date, what's your name, etc)
27
Explicit Memory
Form of Long term memory that is also called declarative memory ( memory with conscious recall) - you can describe it
28
Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)
memory without conscious recall (can't talk about it )
29
Clustering
related items are clustered together to form higher order categories - list items remembered better if list presented in categories
30
The importance of retrieval cues
ability to retrieve stored memory hinges on having an appropriate cue
31
Cued recall
test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieveal cue (matching, fill in the blank)
32
Recall
test of long term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues (essay, short response)
33
Recognition
test of long term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices (multiple choice questions
34
Serial Position Effect
tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of list rather than middle
35
Primacy Effect
tendency to recall the first items in a list
36
Recency Effect
Tendency to recall the final items in a list
37
Flashbulb memories
involve the recall of very specific details or images surrounding a significant, rare, or vivid event - usually emotionally charged and stay with you for decades
38
Ebbinghaus
first began studying forgetting using nonsense syllable's - much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we learn it
39
How quickly we forget material depends on:
- how well the material was encoded in the first place - how meaningful the material was - how often it was rehearsed
40
Why do we forget?
- information was not encoded initially into long term memory (encoding failure)
41
Decay Theory
When a new memory is formed it creates a distinct structural or chemical change in brain (memory trace). That memory trace is faded over time
42
Challenges to Decay Theory
some research has shown that information can be remembered decades after it was originally learned
43
Interference Theory
memories interfering with memories - forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another
44
Retroactive Interference
A new memory interferes with remembering an old one
45
Proactive interference
An old memory interferes with remembering new information
46
Motivated forgetting
occurs when an undesired memory is held back from awareness
47
Supression
conscious forgetting
48
Repression
unconscious forgetting (if it is too much for brain to process)
49
Imperfect memories
- memory details change over time - misinformation effect - source confusion
50
Schemas
organize clusters of knowledge and information about particular topics
51
Scripts
schemas that involve typical sequence of actions and behaviors at a common event (what you expect)
52
False Memories
are created for actions that would have been consistent with a script
53
Lashley
Searched for localized memory trace - concluded that memories are distributed, or stored throughout the brain - incorrect
54
Thompson
Found memory for simple classically conditioned responses to be localized in the cerebellum - wrong area for all types of memory
55
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury
56
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage
57
Prefrontal cortex
memory involving the sequence of events, but not events themselves
58
Amygdala
encodes emotional aspects of memories
59
Medial Temporal lobe
encodes and transfers new elicit memories to long term memory
60
Cerebellum
Memories involving movement
61
Hippocampus
encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memory
62
Alzheimer's disease
Progressive disease that destroys the brain's neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the inability to care for oneself - Brain develops two abnormal structures: beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles