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Biology 2311 > Chapter 5-PowerPoint Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 5-PowerPoint Lectures Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Difference between integral and peripheral proteins?

A

integral proteins go through the bilayer membrane while peripheral proteins do not

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2
Q

What do biological membranes consist of?

A

lipids and proteins

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3
Q

What is glycerol?

A

3-carbon polyalcohol

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4
Q

What is the structure of cholesterol?

A

3 benzene rings, 1 pentane ring, hydrophobic tail attached to the pentane ring, and a hydroxyl group on the benzene ring end (hydrophilic)

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5
Q

What is the function of cholesterol?

A

helps in membrane fluidity (only in certain concentrations)

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6
Q

Why is it called fluid mosaic model?

A

phospholipids and proteins are freely moving around

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7
Q

Which move around at a great rate phospholipids or proteins?

A

phospholipids

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8
Q

What does “Mosaic” refer to?

A

membrane proteins—not uniform all around the surface

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9
Q

What are the purpose of membrane protien?

A

transport, recognition, receptors, cell adhesion

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10
Q

What helps keep membranes fluid at low temperatures?

A

unsaturated fatty acids

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11
Q

How does cholesterol help with membrane fluidty?

A

prevents hydrocarbon tails from stiffening

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12
Q

What does cholesterol do at higher temperatures?

A

stabilizes membranes and decreases fluidity

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13
Q

How do eukaryotic organisms adapt to colder temps?

A

changing membrane lipids—hibernation

Double bonds (increases unsat. fatty acids to improve fluidity) and cholesterol increase

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14
Q

Do membrane proteins move around in the bilayer?

A

Frye and Edidin’s experiment, they found it did b/c the chimera cell had the human and mouse cell proteins mixed together

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15
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

proteins that specifically recognizes the protein of interest

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16
Q

What is chimera?

A

mixing of two cells (ex. mixing a mouse and human cell)

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17
Q

What can integral membrane proteins also be called?

A

transmembrane proteins

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18
Q

Which (nonpolar/polar) move through the membrane easily? (selective permeability)

A

nonpolar hydrophobic molecules

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19
Q

Which (nonpolar/polar) move through the membrane harder? (selective permeability)

A

polar hydrophilic molecules

need a membrane protein to get across

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20
Q

Do charges atoms and molecules blocked by membrane?

A

yes they are blocked by the hydrophobic core

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21
Q

What are types of passive transport?

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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22
Q

Where do passive transport get its energy from?

A

concentration gradient

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23
Q

What are the forms of active transport?

A

primary and secondary

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24
Q

Where does primary active transport get its energy from?

A

ATP

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25
Where does secondary active transport get its energy from?
other energy forms other than ATP
26
What does it mean when active transport moves against the gradient?
moving from low to high concentration---need energy!
27
What is another name for secondary active transport?
coupled transports
28
What does simple diffusion transport?
non polar inorganic gases such O2,N2, CO2 and organic molecules
29
What is transported with facilitated diffusion?
polar and charged molecules that need transport proteins such as water, amino acids , sugars, and ions
30
What is the difference between facilitated and simple diffusion?
facilitated diffusion need a transport protein to go across the membrane
31
What are channel proteins?
integral membrane proteins that allow water and ions to pass
32
What do auqaporins transport?
water---type of channel protein
33
Are ion channels open usually?
No they are gated
34
What states are gated channels?
open, closed, or intermediate
35
What proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?
channel and carrier proteins
36
What does it mean when the carrier protein can become saturated?
too many solute molecules to transport or not enough carrier proteins
37
What does it mean when the carrier protein can become saturated?
too many solute molecules to transport or not enough carrier proteins
38
What does change in conformation mean?
change of shape of the protein
39
What does simple diffusion depend on?
molecular size and lipid solubility
40
Which are permeable to the cell membrane?
gases, small uncharged polar molecules
41
What are not permeable to the cell membrane?
large uncharged polar molecules, ions, charged polar molecules
42
What is osmosis?
passive water transport
43
What does osmosis depend on?
concentration gradients high to low
44
What are the physical effects of osmosis?
cells will swell, burst, shrink, and shrivel up
45
What is used as a counteraction to the movement of osmosis?
energy by animal cells
46
Osmosis of solutes concentration gradient?
low to high concentration of solutes
47
What is osmotic pressure?
force needed to stop osmotic flow
48
Cells in hypotonic solution reacts like?
water moves into cell causing cell to swell
49
What type of solution should animal cells be kept in?
isotonic
50
What is tonicity?
property of a solution with respect to a membrane
51
Cells in a hypertonic solution react like?
shrink as water leaves the cell
52
What type of solution should plant cells be kept in?
hypotonic
53
What is a plant cell in an isotonic cells called?
flaccid cell
54
What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic cells?
cell body shrinks away from the cell wall
55
What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic cells?
cell body shrinks away from the cell wall
56
How do organisms maintain osmotic balance?
contractile vacuoles (eject water) and plants use turgor pressure to keep cell rigid
57
What are the 3 main functions of active transport?
taking up essential nutrients even when it goes against the concentration gradient, removal of waster against the concentration gradient, maintain of intracellular ion concentration (H,Na,K,Ca)
58
What is membrane potentail?
electrical charge (voltage) different across the plasma membrane
59
What do the active transport ions contribute to?
membrane potential
60
What are some applications of membrane potentail?
neurons and muscle cells
61
Which bond is broken in ATP during primary active transport?
the first phosphate bond
62
What is secondary active transport indirectly driven by?
ATP hydrolysis....use favorable concentration gradient created by primary active transport
63
What type of protein do primary active transport use?
carrier
64
What ions are moved in a sodium-potassium pump?
moves 3 Na ions out and brings 2 K into the cell
65
What type of transport is a sodium-potassium pump?
primary active transport
66
What type of transport is a sodium-potassium pump?
primary active transport
67
What is the bilayer slightly permeable to?
water and urea
68
When is a cell isotonic?
concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside of the cell
69
What ion do animal cell need to actively transport across the membrane to keep it in an isotonic state?
Na+
70
Where do the positive charges accumulate on the cell during primary active transport?
outside the membrane
71
Where do the negative charges accumulate on the cell during primary active transport?
inside the membrane
72
What is membrane potential difference in primary active transport?
-50 to -200 mV
73
What type of gradient does primary active transport create?
electrochemical gradient----form of potential energy
74
What type of protein does a sodium potassium pump use?
carrier
75
What does inward facing conformation mean?
facing inside the cell
76
In a sodium potassium pump what is broken down and what binds to the pump
ATP broken into phosphate and ADP, phosphate group binds to pump
77
Do the sodium and potassium bind to the same place in the pump?
No, they have different binding sites
78
What is the release of phosphate called?
dephospholayte
79
what is the sequence of a sodium potassium pump?
Binding of sodium ions, ATP binds, ATP hydrolysis, phosphate binds to pump, conformation is outward facing, sodium ions are released, potassium ions binds, phosphate is removed (dephosporalyation, pump faces inwards (change in conformation), release potassium, binding of sodium ions
80
Does secondary active transport use an already existing concentration gradient?
yes, gradient formed by primary active transport
81
What two molecules are moving in secondary active transport?
ion and solute
82
When the ion and solute move in the same direction during secondary active transport called?
symport
83
When the ion and solute move in different directions during secondary active transport called?
anitport
84
What do type of protein does symport and anitport need?
carrier
85
Is a symporter or anitporter used in coupled transport?
symporter
86
What happens in glucose-Na symporter?
sodium is driving ion, and glucose is the transported against a concentrated gradient
87
Does the transport ion always move with or against the gradient?
against
88
What are the 2 types of endocytosis?
non-specific endocytosis and specific endocytosisi
89
What can non-specific endocytosis also be called?
bulk endocytosis
90
Which type of endocytosis does pinocytosis fall under?
non-specific endocytosis
91
What can specific endocytosis also be called?
receptor -mediated endocytosis
92
What type of vesicles are involved in endocytosis
endocyticvesicles
93
Where do endocytic vesicles go after entering the cell?
lysosome, to be broken down
94
In receptor-meditate endocytosis what is the depression in the plasma membrane that holds the target molecules called?
coated pit
95
In receptor-meditate endocytosis, what is the protein coat that reinforces the cytoplasmic side called?
clathrin
96
What happens in receptor-meditate endocytosis?
target molecules are bound to receptors (integral proteins) and brought into the cell
97
What can perform phagocytosis on large protist such as amoeba, or whole cells
phagocytes
98
What does mutations in the aquaporin gene result in?
cannot make concentrated urine
99
What type of protein in a Human Aquaporin-1 gene?
channel protein
100
What affinity does the inward facing phosphorylation have?
Na
101
What affinity does the outward facing phosphorylation have?
K
102
What affinity does the outward facing dephosphorylation have?
K
103
What affinity does the inward facing dephosphorylation have?
Na
104
Does the driving ion always move with or against the gradient?
with

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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