Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2311 > Chapter 7-PowerPoint Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 7-PowerPoint Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

How much do you multiply fat by to get calories?

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much do you multiply sugar by to get calories?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much do you multiply protein by to get calories?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is included in calories?

A

protein, fat, and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plants are autotrophs or heterotrophs?

A

autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do autotrophs make food?

A

through sunlight and convert radiant energy into chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do heterotrophs make food?

A

live off energy produced by autotrophs—-extract energy vis digestion and catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cellular resperiaiton?

A

series of metabolic reactions that breakdown food and produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of cellular respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does aerobic respiration use oxygen?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which form of respiration uses oxygen as a reactant?

A

aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the goal of respiration?

A

produce ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of reactions does respiration use?

A

redox reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is energy released in respiration? in what form?

A

oxidation reaction in the form of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of respiration is it when oxygen is the final electron acceptor?

A

aerobic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of respiration is it when oxygen is the final electron acceptor?

A

aerobic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the empirical formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many ATP is made from one molecule of glucose?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why can’t glucose reaction happen in one step?

A

delta G is really large, it would cause an explosion if that much free energy was released at once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the properties of electron carriers?

A

soluble, membrane-bound, move within membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Can all carriers be easily oxidized and reduced?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does NAD+ become when it accepts an electron?

A

NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is dehydrogenase?

A

an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons from a fuel molecule to an electron carrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure of NAD+?

A

adenine, 2 ribose, 2 phosphates, nicotinamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What three polymers of glucose ?

A

glycogen, cellulose, starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 4 stages of oxidation of glucose?

A

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis (ATP production)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is there a loss of carbon in glycolysis?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is used instead of oxygen in anaerobic respiration?

A

sulfate or nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is used instead of oxygen in anaerobic respiration?

A

sulfate or nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is an example of an electron carrier?

A

NAD+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are electrons carried by and where are they carried to?

A

they are transported by electron carriers to the electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is electron energy converted to ATP at?

A

electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In aerobic respiration what is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In anaerobic respiration what is the final electron acceptor?

A

inorganic molecule other than oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor?

A

organic molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In redox reactions where do electrons release some of their energy?

A

as they pass from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the equation for ATP synthesis from glucose?

A

1 glucose + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 Pi —> 6 H20 + 6CO2 + 32 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the delta G for aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

-696 kcal/mol of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Do all electron carriers carry just electrons?

A

No, some carry just electrons while some carry both electrons and protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the name of NAD+?

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In cellular respiration how many electron and protons are transferred to NAD+? and by what? What does this from?

A

dehydrogenases transfer 2 electrons and 1 proton which created
NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Where does kreb’s cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Where does electron transport chain and ATP synthase enzyme occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In glycolysis what is the 6-carbon molecule of glucose broken down into?

A

enzymes break it down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What step does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What occurs in the pyruvate oxidation and kreb’s cycle?

A

Enzymes convert the 3-carbon pyruvate into a 2-carbon acetyl group, which enters the citric acid cycle and is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Is some ATP synthesized during the citric acid cycle?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What causes free energy to be released in Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

A

proton gradient created by chemisomosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What occurs in Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?

A

electron are delivered to oxygen via electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What uses the proton gradient as an energy source to make ATP?

A

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the two mechanisms for ATP synthesis?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What does the donor molecule donate, and donate to, what does it become? During substrate-level phosphorylation

A

donates phosphate to ADP to create ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What enzyme is involved in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Where does the energy come from in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

proton gradient from the oxidation of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why is it called oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electrons from the proton gradient are donated to oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Where does glycolysis get its energy from?

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How many ATP are created from glycosisu?

A

4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Equation for glycolysis?

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 4 e− + 4
H+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ +
2 H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does NAD+ become in glycolysis?

A

NADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How many electrons and protons does NADH carry in glycolysis?

A

2 electrons and one proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

In the first step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

hexokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What happens in the first step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP, producing glucose-6-phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the first step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What happens in the second step of glycolysis?

A

Glucose -6-Phosphate is rearranged to Fructose – 6- Phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

In the second step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Phospho gluco-isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the second step of glycolysis?

A

Isomerization reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What happens in the third step of glycolysis?

A

Another phosphate group from ATP is attached to fructose-6-phosphate,
producing Fructose -1,6,bisphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

In the third step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Phosphofructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the third step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphorylation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What happens in the 4 step of glycolysis?

A 
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

In the 4 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Aldolase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 4 step of glycolysis?

A

HYDROLYSIS or CLEAVAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What happens in the 5 step of glycolysis?

A

The DAP produced in reaction 4 is converted into G3P, giving a total of two of these molecules per molecule of glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

In the 5 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 5 step of glycolysis?

A

Isomerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What happens in the 6 step of glycolysis?

A

Two electrons and two protons are removed from G3P. Some of the energy released in this reaction is trapped by the addition of an inorganic phosphate group from the cytosol
(not derived from ATP). The electrons are accepted by NAD+, along with one of the protons.
The other proton is released to the cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

In the 6 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or Triose phosphate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 6 step of glycolysis?

A

Dehydrogenation reaction or redox reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What happens in the 7 step of glycolysis?

A 
One of the two phosphate groups of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to
produce ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation reaction).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

In the 7 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 7 step of glycolysis?

A

: Substrate level Phosphorylation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What happens in the 8 step of glycolysis?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate is rearranged, shifting the phosphate group from the 3rd carbon to
the2nd carbon to produce 2-phosphoglycerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

In the 8 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Phospho-glyceromutase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 8 step of glycolysis?

A

Mutase reaction—shifting of a chemical group to another within same molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What happens in the 9 step of glycolysis?

A

Electrons are removed from one part of 2-phosphoglycerate
and delivered to another part of the molecule. Most of the energy lost by the electrons is retained in the product, phosphoenolpyruvate.

90
Q

In the 9 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Enolase

91
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 9 step of glycolysis?

A

Dehydration

92
Q

What happens in the 10 step of glycolysis?

A

The remaining phosphate group is removed from phosphoenolpyruvate and
transferred to ADP. The reaction forms ATP and the final product of glycolysis,
PYRUVATE.

93
Q

In the 10 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?

A

Pyruvate Kinase

94
Q

What type of reaction occurs in the 10 step of glycolysis?

A

Substrate –level phosphorylation

95
Q

What are the energy-requiring steps of glycolysis?

A

1-5, 8, 9

96
Q

What are the energy-releasing steps of glycolysis?

A

6, 7, 10

97
Q

How many NADHs’ are synthesized from 10 molecules of glucose in Glycolysis?

A

20

98
Q

How many molecules of ATP are made from 15 molecules of glucose? what type of ATP production is this?

A

60, ?

99
Q

In pyruvate oxidation what type of transport moves the pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

secondary active transport

100
Q

What is created from the oxidation of pyruvate?

A

CO2, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and NADH

101
Q

What happens to the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA?

A

it enters the citric acid cycle

102
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria

103
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation occur in prokaryotes?

A

cytosol

104
Q

Equation for pyruvate oxidation?

A

pyruvate + CoA + NAD

+ → acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2

105
Q

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?

A

removes CO2 from pyruvate and oxidizes the

remaining 2-carbon fragment to an acetyl group (CH3CO) which is carried by acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle

106
Q

What happens in pyruvate oxidation?

A

removes CO2 from pyruvate and oxidizes the

remaining 2-carbon fragment to an acetyl group (CH3CO) which is carried by acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle

107
Q

Is pyruvate oxidation exergonic or endergonic?

A

highly exergonic

108
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation couple with?

A

endergonic synthesis of NADH from NAD+, H+, and

2e−

109
Q

How many 3 carbon pyruvate molecules are there in pyruvate oxidation?

A

2

110
Q

What does each 3 carbon pyruvate molecule contain?

A

1 CO2 (1 carbon is lost), 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)

111
Q

How many CO2 molecules are released in pyruvate oxidation in a single molecule of glucose?

A

2

112
Q

Is there any ATP molecules made by substrate level phosphorylation in pyruvate oxidation?

A

No

113
Q

Does pyruvate oxidation occur in the absence of oxygen?

A

No

114
Q

What is the Krebs Cycle also known as?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

115
Q

What is the equation for the Krebs Cycle?

A

1 acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + 1 FAD + 1 ADP + 1 Pi + 2 H2O → 2CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP + 3 H+ + 1 CoA

116
Q

What does every molecule of acetyl-CoA electrons are transfered to?

A

3 NAD+ (NADH) and 1 FAD (FADH2)

117
Q

What is the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Condensation

118
Q

What is the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Isomerization

119
Q

What is the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

First oxidation

120
Q

What is the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Second oxidation

121
Q

What is the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

122
Q

What is the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Third oxidation

123
Q

What is the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Hydration reaction

124
Q

What is the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Fourth oxidation andregeneration of Oxaloacetate

125
Q

What happens in the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

A 2-carbon acetyl group carried by COA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate.

126
Q

What happens in the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Citrate is rearranged to Isocitrate.

127
Q

What happens in the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha-ketoglutarate and one carbon is lost as carbon-dioxide and NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+.

128
Q

What happens in the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Alpha-Ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl CoA and one carbon is released as Co2, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+.

129
Q

What happens in the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

CoA is released from succinate and this produces
energy which is used to convert GDP to GTP and
this in turn powers conversion of ADP to ATP. The
only ATP made directly by substrate level
phosphorylation

130
Q

What happens in the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Succinate is oxidized to fumarate. 2 electrons and
2 protons are removed and transferred to FAD to
produce FADH2.

131
Q

What happens in the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Fumarate is converted to Malate by the addition of

one water molecule

132
Q

What happens in the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Malate is oxidized to Oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+
to NADH and H+. This regenerated oxaloacetate
can reenter the cycle.

133
Q

What is the enzyme in the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

citrate synthase

134
Q

What is the enzyme in the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

aconitase

135
Q

What is the enzyme in the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

isocitrate dehydrogenase

136
Q

What is the enzyme in the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

137
Q

What is the enzyme in the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

138
Q

What is the enzyme in the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Succinate dehydrogenase

139
Q

What is the enzyme in the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Fumarase

140
Q

What is the enzyme in the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?

A

Malate Dehydrogenase

141
Q

At the end of the Krebs Cycle what has glucose been oxidized to?

A

◦ 6 CO2
◦ 4 ATP (net)—6 total
◦ 10 NADH (6 krebs cycle, 2 pyruvate oxidation, 2 glycolysis)
◦ 2 FADH2

142
Q

For each Acetyl-CoA entering the kreb cycle what occurs?

A 
◦ Release 2 molecules of CO2
◦ Reduce 3 NAD+ to 3 NADH
◦ Reduce 1 FAD (electron carrier) to FADH2
◦ Produce 1 ATP
◦ Regenerate oxaloacetate
143
Q

In glycolysis when there is too much ATP present what happens?

A

ATP allosterically inhibits phosphofructokinase, excess citrate also inhibits this enzyme

144
Q

In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what does NADH inhibit?

A

phosphofructokinase

145
Q

In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?

A

high levels of ATP and Acetyl CoA

146
Q

In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate kinase activiated by?

A

high levels of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

147
Q

In pyruvate oxidation during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition by?

A

high levels of NADH

148
Q

In the citric acid cycle during feedback inhibition, what is citrate synthase inhibition by? (2)

A

high levels of ATP and high levels of citrate

149
Q

NADH transfers its electrons to?

A

complex 1

150
Q

FADH transfers its electrons to?

A

complex 2

151
Q

Does complex 2 pump protons?

A

nope

152
Q

Does complex 1, 3, and 4 pump protons?

A

yes

153
Q

Is the proton concentration higher in the inner membrane compartment?

A

yes

154
Q

What moves through ATP synthase?

A

protons

155
Q

Where is ATP synthase located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

156
Q

What is cyt c

A

a mobile electron carrier

157
Q

How much energy is harvested from 1 molecule of NADH?

A

3 ATP

158
Q

How much energy is harvested from 1 molecule of FADH?

A

2 ATP

159
Q

Why does FADH only produce 2 ATP?

A

only generates protons from complex 3 and 4…less?

160
Q

Is ADP + Pi endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

161
Q

Where does ADP + Pi get its energy from?

A

proton graident

162
Q

Where does ADP + Pi get its energy from?

A

proton graident

163
Q

Leaky?

A

no holes, just other proteins that can transfer protons

164
Q

In ETC what does each complex do? (2)

A

create a proton gradient and transfer electrons to the next carrier

165
Q

Where is complex II bound to in the ETC?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane on the matrix side

166
Q

Describe the proton concentration gradient of the ETS?

A

high proton concentration in the inter membrane compartment and low proton concentration in the matrix

167
Q

What are the 2 mobile electron carriers in ETC?

A

cytochrome c and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)

168
Q

What does the mobile electron carriers do?

A

shuttle electrons between the major complexes

169
Q

What is a cytochrome?

A

proteins with a heme prosthetic group that contains an iron atom that accepts and donates electrons

170
Q

Individual electron carriers of the ETS flow from (high/low) to (high/low) free energy?

A

high to low free energy

171
Q

Do NADH and FADH2 contain a lot of free energy?

A

yes

172
Q

NADH and FADH2 are easily reduced or ozixedes?

A

oxidized

173
Q

The terminal electron acceptor O2 is easily reduced or oxidized?

A

reduced

174
Q

Is electron movement in ETC sponatntous?

A

yes

175
Q

What is a proton motive force?

A

stored energy produced by proton and voltage gradient. This energy is used for ATP synthesis and co-transport of substances to and from the mitochondria

176
Q

What does ATP synthase do?

A

uses proton-motive force to add phosphate to ADP to generate ATP (phosphorylation)

—rotation of the headpiece

177
Q

What are the 3 parts of ATP synthase?

A

basal unit, stalk, and headpiece

178
Q

What bridges the basal unit and headpiece in ATP synthase?

A

peripheral stator

179
Q

Where is the basal unit of ATP synthase located?

A

inner membrane

180
Q

Where is the headpiece of ATP synthase located?

A

matrix

181
Q

What is the theoretical energy yield for 1 glucose for bacteria?

A

38 ATP

182
Q

What is the theoretical energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotes?

A

36 ATP

183
Q

What is the theoretical yield of 1 NADH?

A

3 ATP

184
Q

What is the theoretical yield of 1 FADH2?

A

2 ATP

185
Q

What is the actual yield of 1 NADH?

A

2.5 ATP

186
Q

What is the actual yield of 1 FADH2?

A

1.5 ATP

187
Q

What is the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotes?

A

30 ATP

188
Q

What is the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for prokaryotes?

A

32 ATP

189
Q

Why is there a difference between the theoretical and actual yield?

A

leaky inner membrane and use of proton gradient for other purposes than ATP synthesis.

190
Q

How do you get the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for prokaryotic cells?

A 
\+2 ATP from glycolysis
\+2 ATP from substrate-level 
       phosphorylation
\+10 NADH (2 from glycolysis, 
      2 from pyruvate 
       oxidation, 6 from krebs 
        cycle)  x 2.5
\+2 FADH2 ( from krebs cycle) 
         X 1.5

= 32 ATP

191
Q

How do you get the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotic cells?

A

same as prokaryotic but subtract 2 ATP from getting to the mitochondria membrane

= 30 ATP

192
Q

What experimental research did E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius do?

A

showed that the H+ gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase

193
Q

In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment where was ATP synthesized?

A

only in the light

194
Q

In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment how were the synthetic vesicles constructed and what did they contain?

A

They were constructed synthetic phospholipid membrane vesicles containing a segment of purple surface membrane from an archaean. The purple membrane contained only bacteriorhodopsin, a protein that resembles rhodopsin, the visual pigment of animals. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-activated proton pump. The researchers illuminated the vesicles and then analyzed the concentration of H+ in them.

195
Q

In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment what were the results?

A

light activated the bacteriorhodopsin to produce an H+ gradient, with H+ moving from the outside to the inside of the vesicle (like the movement from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane compartment

and that the energy from the H+ gradient drove ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

196
Q

In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment what was the conclusion?

A

An H+ gradient—and, therefore, proton-motive force—powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.

197
Q

What does the fate of pyruvate depend on?

A

oxygen avaiblity

198
Q

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present?

A

pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle via aerobic respiration

199
Q

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is not present?

A

pyruvate is reduced in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ via fermentation

200
Q

What happens to pyruvate when there is no oxygen/ what is it converted to?

A

lactate

201
Q

What does fermentation produce?

A

lactate and ehtanol

202
Q

How does lactate affect your muscles?

A

makes them tired—-iron legs

203
Q

Is NADH recycled?

A

yes

204
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A

lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

205
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur?

A

bacteria, plant tissues, skeletal muscle, makes buttermilk, yogurt, and dill pickles.

206
Q

Does glycolysis need oxygen?

A

no

207
Q

In lactate fermentation is carbon lost?

A

no

208
Q

In alcoholic fermentation is carbon lost?

A

yes, 1 carbon is lost

209
Q

What is are facultative anaerobes?

A

can switch between fermentation and full oxidative pathways depending on oxygen supply

210
Q

What are some examples of facultative anaerobes?

A

E. coli, lactobacuilis…..

211
Q

What are strict anaerobes?

A

Fermentation is the only source of ATP, cannot do oxidative phyospporyaltion

212
Q

What type of environment do strict anaerobes like?

A

oxygen-free environments

213
Q

Where can botulism be found?

A

in canned foods

214
Q

What are sone examples of strict anaerobes?

A

bacteria like botulism and tetanus, and fungi

215
Q

What are strict anerobes?

A

need oxygen for survivial

216
Q

What is an example of a strict anerobe?

A

brain cells

217
Q

How does cancer affect glycolysis? What is this effect called?

A

leads to abnormal glycolysis that generates larges amounts of lactate, and creates higher rates of glysocous

effect called Warburg effect

218
Q

What is deamination?

A

where amino acids get an amino group removed

219
Q

What is the difference in the respiration of a carbon fatty acid vs a 6-carbon glucose?

A

The respiration of a 6-carbon fatty acid yields 20% more energy than 6-carbon glucose.

220
Q

take screen shots of slides

A

22

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions