Chapter 7-PowerPoint Lectures Flashcards
1
Q
How much do you multiply fat by to get calories?
A
9
2
Q
How much do you multiply sugar by to get calories?
A
4
3
Q
How much do you multiply protein by to get calories?
A
4
4
Q
What is included in calories?
A
protein, fat, and sugar
5
Q
Plants are autotrophs or heterotrophs?
A
autotrophs
6
Q
How do autotrophs make food?
A
through sunlight and convert radiant energy into chemical energy
7
Q
How do heterotrophs make food?
A
live off energy produced by autotrophs—-extract energy vis digestion and catabolism
8
Q
What is cellular resperiaiton?
A
series of metabolic reactions that breakdown food and produce ATP
9
Q
What are the two types of cellular respiration?
A
aerobic and anaerobic
10
Q
Does aerobic respiration use oxygen?
A
yes
11
Q
Which form of respiration uses oxygen as a reactant?
A
aerobic respiration
12
Q
What is the goal of respiration?
A
produce ATP
13
Q
What type of reactions does respiration use?
A
redox reactions
14
Q
When is energy released in respiration? in what form?
A
oxidation reaction in the form of electrons
15
Q
What type of respiration is it when oxygen is the final electron acceptor?
A
aerobic reaction
16
Q
What type of respiration is it when oxygen is the final electron acceptor?
A
aerobic reaction
17
Q
What is the empirical formula for glucose?
A
C6 H12 O6
18
Q
How many ATP is made from one molecule of glucose?
A
32
19
Q
Why can’t glucose reaction happen in one step?
A
delta G is really large, it would cause an explosion if that much free energy was released at once
20
Q
What are the properties of electron carriers?
A
soluble, membrane-bound, move within membrane
21
Q
Can all carriers be easily oxidized and reduced?
A
yes
22
Q
What does NAD+ become when it accepts an electron?
A
NADH
23
Q
What is dehydrogenase?
A
an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons from a fuel molecule to an electron carrier
24
Q
What is the structure of NAD+?
A
adenine, 2 ribose, 2 phosphates, nicotinamide
25
What three polymers of glucose ?
glycogen, cellulose, starch
26
What are the 4 stages of oxidation of glucose?
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, kreb's cycle, electron transport chain and chemiosmosis (ATP production)
27
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
28
Is there a loss of carbon in glycolysis?
no
29
What is used instead of oxygen in anaerobic respiration?
sulfate or nitrate
30
What is used instead of oxygen in anaerobic respiration?
sulfate or nitrate
31
What is an example of an electron carrier?
NAD+
32
What are electrons carried by and where are they carried to?
they are transported by electron carriers to the electron transport chain
33
Where is electron energy converted to ATP at?
electron transport chain
34
In aerobic respiration what is the final electron acceptor?
oxygen
35
In anaerobic respiration what is the final electron acceptor?
inorganic molecule other than oxygen
36
In fermentation what is the final electron acceptor?
organic molecule
37
In redox reactions where do electrons release some of their energy?
as they pass from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule
38
What is the equation for ATP synthesis from glucose?
1 glucose + 6 O2 + 32 ADP + 32 Pi ---> 6 H20 + 6CO2 + 32 ATP
39
What is the delta G for aerobic respiration of glucose?
-696 kcal/mol of glucose
40
Do all electron carriers carry just electrons?
No, some carry just electrons while some carry both electrons and protons
41
What is the name of NAD+?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
42
In cellular respiration how many electron and protons are transferred to NAD+? and by what? What does this from?
dehydrogenases transfer 2 electrons and 1 proton which created
NADH
43
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
mitochondrial matrix
44
Where does kreb's cycle occur?
mitochondrial matrix
45
Where does electron transport chain and ATP synthase enzyme occur?
inner mitochondrial membrane
46
In glycolysis what is the 6-carbon molecule of glucose broken down into?
enzymes break it down into two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate
47
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
enzyme-catalyzed reaction that transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
48
What step does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?
glycolysis
49
What occurs in the pyruvate oxidation and kreb's cycle?
Enzymes convert the 3-carbon pyruvate into a 2-carbon acetyl group, which enters the citric acid cycle and is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide
50
Is some ATP synthesized during the citric acid cycle?
yes
51
What causes free energy to be released in Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?
proton gradient created by chemisomosis
52
What occurs in Oxidative phosphorylation – electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?
electron are delivered to oxygen via electron transport chain
53
What uses the proton gradient as an energy source to make ATP?
ATP synthase
54
What are the two mechanisms for ATP synthesis?
substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
55
What does the donor molecule donate, and donate to, what does it become? During substrate-level phosphorylation
donates phosphate to ADP to create ATP
56
What enzyme is involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthase
57
Where does the energy come from in oxidative phosphorylation?
proton gradient from the oxidation of glucose
58
Why is it called oxidative phosphorylation?
electrons from the proton gradient are donated to oxygen
59
Where does glycolysis get its energy from?
2 ATP
60
How many ATP are created from glycosisu?
4 ATP
61
What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
2 ATP
62
Equation for glycolysis?
Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ + 4 e− + 4
H+ → 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ +
2 H2O
63
What does NAD+ become in glycolysis?
NADH
64
How many electrons and protons does NADH carry in glycolysis?
2 electrons and one proton
65
In the first step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
hexokinase
66
What happens in the first step of glycolysis?
Glucose receives a phosphate from ATP, producing glucose-6-phosphate
67
What type of reaction occurs in the first step of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation reaction
68
What happens in the second step of glycolysis?
Glucose -6-Phosphate is rearranged to Fructose – 6- Phosphate
69
In the second step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Phospho gluco-isomerase
70
What type of reaction occurs in the second step of glycolysis?
Isomerization reaction
71
What happens in the third step of glycolysis?
Another phosphate group from ATP is attached to fructose-6-phosphate,
producing Fructose -1,6,bisphosphate
72
In the third step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Phosphofructokinase
73
What type of reaction occurs in the third step of glycolysis?
Phosphorylation reaction
74
What happens in the 4 step of glycolysis?
```
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP)
```
75
In the 4 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Aldolase
76
What type of reaction occurs in the 4 step of glycolysis?
HYDROLYSIS or CLEAVAGE
77
What happens in the 5 step of glycolysis?
The DAP produced in reaction 4 is converted into G3P, giving a total of two of these molecules per molecule of glucose.
78
In the 5 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Triose phosphate isomerase
79
What type of reaction occurs in the 5 step of glycolysis?
Isomerization
80
What happens in the 6 step of glycolysis?
Two electrons and two protons are removed from G3P. Some of the energy released in this reaction is trapped by the addition of an inorganic phosphate group from the cytosol
(not derived from ATP). The electrons are accepted by NAD+, along with one of the protons.
The other proton is released to the cytosol.
81
In the 6 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or Triose phosphate dehydrogenase
82
What type of reaction occurs in the 6 step of glycolysis?
Dehydrogenation reaction or redox reaction
83
What happens in the 7 step of glycolysis?
```
One of the two phosphate groups of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP to
produce ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation reaction).
```
84
In the 7 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Phosphoglycerate kinase
85
What type of reaction occurs in the 7 step of glycolysis?
: Substrate level Phosphorylation reaction
86
What happens in the 8 step of glycolysis?
3-Phosphoglycerate is rearranged, shifting the phosphate group from the 3rd carbon to
the2nd carbon to produce 2-phosphoglycerate
87
In the 8 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Phospho-glyceromutase
88
What type of reaction occurs in the 8 step of glycolysis?
Mutase reaction—shifting of a chemical group to another within same molecule
89
What happens in the 9 step of glycolysis?
Electrons are removed from one part of 2-phosphoglycerate
and delivered to another part of the molecule. Most of the energy lost by the electrons is retained in the product, phosphoenolpyruvate.
90
In the 9 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Enolase
91
What type of reaction occurs in the 9 step of glycolysis?
Dehydration
92
What happens in the 10 step of glycolysis?
The remaining phosphate group is removed from phosphoenolpyruvate and
transferred to ADP. The reaction forms ATP and the final product of glycolysis,
PYRUVATE.
93
In the 10 step of glycolysis what is the enzyme involved?
Pyruvate Kinase
94
What type of reaction occurs in the 10 step of glycolysis?
Substrate –level phosphorylation
95
What are the energy-requiring steps of glycolysis?
1-5, 8, 9
96
What are the energy-releasing steps of glycolysis?
6, 7, 10
97
How many NADHs' are synthesized from 10 molecules of glucose in Glycolysis?
20
98
How many molecules of ATP are made from 15 molecules of glucose? what type of ATP production is this?
60, ?
99
In pyruvate oxidation what type of transport moves the pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix?
secondary active transport
100
What is created from the oxidation of pyruvate?
CO2, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and NADH
101
What happens to the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA?
it enters the citric acid cycle
102
where does pyruvate oxidation occur in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
103
where does pyruvate oxidation occur in prokaryotes?
cytosol
104
Equation for pyruvate oxidation?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD
| + → acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2
105
What happens in pyruvate oxidation?
removes CO2 from pyruvate and oxidizes the
| remaining 2-carbon fragment to an acetyl group (CH3CO) which is carried by acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle
106
What happens in pyruvate oxidation?
removes CO2 from pyruvate and oxidizes the
| remaining 2-carbon fragment to an acetyl group (CH3CO) which is carried by acetyl-CoA to the citric acid cycle
107
Is pyruvate oxidation exergonic or endergonic?
highly exergonic
108
What is pyruvate oxidation couple with?
endergonic synthesis of NADH from NAD+, H+, and
| 2e−
109
How many 3 carbon pyruvate molecules are there in pyruvate oxidation?
2
110
What does each 3 carbon pyruvate molecule contain?
1 CO2 (1 carbon is lost), 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)
111
How many CO2 molecules are released in pyruvate oxidation in a single molecule of glucose?
2
112
Is there any ATP molecules made by substrate level phosphorylation in pyruvate oxidation?
No
113
Does pyruvate oxidation occur in the absence of oxygen?
No
114
What is the Krebs Cycle also known as?
Citric Acid Cycle
115
What is the equation for the Krebs Cycle?
1 acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + 1 FAD + 1 ADP + 1 Pi + 2 H2O → 2CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 1 ATP + 3 H+ + 1 CoA
116
What does every molecule of acetyl-CoA electrons are transfered to?
3 NAD+ (NADH) and 1 FAD (FADH2)
117
What is the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Condensation
118
What is the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Isomerization
119
What is the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
First oxidation
120
What is the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Second oxidation
121
What is the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
122
What is the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Third oxidation
123
What is the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Hydration reaction
124
What is the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Fourth oxidation andregeneration of Oxaloacetate
125
What happens in the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
A 2-carbon acetyl group carried by COA is transferred to oxaloacetate to form citrate.
126
What happens in the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Citrate is rearranged to Isocitrate.
127
What happens in the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Isocitrate is oxidized to alpha-ketoglutarate and one carbon is lost as carbon-dioxide and NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+.
128
What happens in the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Alpha-Ketoglutarate is oxidized to succinyl CoA and one carbon is released as Co2, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH and H+.
129
What happens in the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
CoA is released from succinate and this produces
energy which is used to convert GDP to GTP and
this in turn powers conversion of ADP to ATP. The
only ATP made directly by substrate level
phosphorylation
130
What happens in the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Succinate is oxidized to fumarate. 2 electrons and
2 protons are removed and transferred to FAD to
produce FADH2.
131
What happens in the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Fumarate is converted to Malate by the addition of
| one water molecule
132
What happens in the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Malate is oxidized to Oxaloacetate, reducing NAD+
to NADH and H+. This regenerated oxaloacetate
can reenter the cycle.
133
What is the enzyme in the 1 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
citrate synthase
134
What is the enzyme in the 2 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
aconitase
135
What is the enzyme in the 3 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
136
What is the enzyme in the 4 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
137
What is the enzyme in the 5 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
138
What is the enzyme in the 6 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Succinate dehydrogenase
139
What is the enzyme in the 7 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Fumarase
140
What is the enzyme in the 8 reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
Malate Dehydrogenase
141
At the end of the Krebs Cycle what has glucose been oxidized to?
◦ 6 CO2
◦ 4 ATP (net)---6 total
◦ 10 NADH (6 krebs cycle, 2 pyruvate oxidation, 2 glycolysis)
◦ 2 FADH2
142
For each Acetyl-CoA entering the kreb cycle what occurs?
```
◦ Release 2 molecules of CO2
◦ Reduce 3 NAD+ to 3 NADH
◦ Reduce 1 FAD (electron carrier) to FADH2
◦ Produce 1 ATP
◦ Regenerate oxaloacetate
```
143
In glycolysis when there is too much ATP present what happens?
ATP allosterically inhibits phosphofructokinase, excess citrate also inhibits this enzyme
144
In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what does NADH inhibit?
phosphofructokinase
145
In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?
high levels of ATP and Acetyl CoA
146
In glycolysis during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate kinase activiated by?
high levels of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
147
In pyruvate oxidation during feedback inhibition, what is pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibition by?
high levels of NADH
148
In the citric acid cycle during feedback inhibition, what is citrate synthase inhibition by? (2)
high levels of ATP and high levels of citrate
149
NADH transfers its electrons to?
complex 1
150
FADH transfers its electrons to?
complex 2
151
Does complex 2 pump protons?
nope
152
Does complex 1, 3, and 4 pump protons?
yes
153
Is the proton concentration higher in the inner membrane compartment?
yes
154
What moves through ATP synthase?
protons
155
Where is ATP synthase located?
inner mitochondrial membrane
156
What is cyt c
a mobile electron carrier
157
How much energy is harvested from 1 molecule of NADH?
3 ATP
158
How much energy is harvested from 1 molecule of FADH?
2 ATP
159
Why does FADH only produce 2 ATP?
only generates protons from complex 3 and 4...less?
160
Is ADP + Pi endergonic or exergonic?
endergonic
161
Where does ADP + Pi get its energy from?
proton graident
162
Where does ADP + Pi get its energy from?
proton graident
163
Leaky?
no holes, just other proteins that can transfer protons
164
In ETC what does each complex do? (2)
create a proton gradient and transfer electrons to the next carrier
165
Where is complex II bound to in the ETC?
inner mitochondrial membrane on the matrix side
166
Describe the proton concentration gradient of the ETS?
high proton concentration in the inter membrane compartment and low proton concentration in the matrix
167
What are the 2 mobile electron carriers in ETC?
cytochrome c and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
168
What does the mobile electron carriers do?
shuttle electrons between the major complexes
169
What is a cytochrome?
proteins with a heme prosthetic group that contains an iron atom that accepts and donates electrons
170
Individual electron carriers of the ETS flow from (high/low) to (high/low) free energy?
high to low free energy
171
Do NADH and FADH2 contain a lot of free energy?
yes
172
NADH and FADH2 are easily reduced or ozixedes?
oxidized
173
The terminal electron acceptor O2 is easily reduced or oxidized?
reduced
174
Is electron movement in ETC sponatntous?
yes
175
What is a proton motive force?
stored energy produced by proton and voltage gradient. This energy is used for ATP synthesis and co-transport of substances to and from the mitochondria
176
What does ATP synthase do?
uses proton-motive force to add phosphate to ADP to generate ATP (phosphorylation)
---rotation of the headpiece
177
What are the 3 parts of ATP synthase?
basal unit, stalk, and headpiece
178
What bridges the basal unit and headpiece in ATP synthase?
peripheral stator
179
Where is the basal unit of ATP synthase located?
inner membrane
180
Where is the headpiece of ATP synthase located?
matrix
181
What is the theoretical energy yield for 1 glucose for bacteria?
38 ATP
182
What is the theoretical energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotes?
36 ATP
183
What is the theoretical yield of 1 NADH?
3 ATP
184
What is the theoretical yield of 1 FADH2?
2 ATP
185
What is the actual yield of 1 NADH?
2.5 ATP
186
What is the actual yield of 1 FADH2?
1.5 ATP
187
What is the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotes?
30 ATP
188
What is the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for prokaryotes?
32 ATP
189
Why is there a difference between the theoretical and actual yield?
leaky inner membrane and use of proton gradient for other purposes than ATP synthesis.
190
How do you get the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for prokaryotic cells?
```
+2 ATP from glycolysis
+2 ATP from substrate-level
phosphorylation
+10 NADH (2 from glycolysis,
2 from pyruvate
oxidation, 6 from krebs
cycle) x 2.5
+2 FADH2 ( from krebs cycle)
X 1.5
```
= 32 ATP
191
How do you get the actual energy yield for 1 glucose for eukaryotic cells?
same as prokaryotic but subtract 2 ATP from getting to the mitochondria membrane
= 30 ATP
192
What experimental research did E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius do?
showed that the H+ gradient powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase
193
In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment where was ATP synthesized?
only in the light
194
In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment how were the synthetic vesicles constructed and what did they contain?
They were constructed synthetic phospholipid membrane vesicles containing a segment of purple surface membrane from an archaean. The purple membrane contained only bacteriorhodopsin, a protein that resembles rhodopsin, the visual pigment of animals. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-activated proton pump. The researchers illuminated the vesicles and then analyzed the concentration of H+ in them.
195
In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment what were the results?
light activated the bacteriorhodopsin to produce an H+ gradient, with H+ moving from the outside to the inside of the vesicle (like the movement from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane compartment
and that the energy from the H+ gradient drove ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
196
In E. Racker and W. Stoeckenius experiment what was the conclusion?
An H+ gradient—and, therefore, proton-motive force—powers ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
197
What does the fate of pyruvate depend on?
oxygen avaiblity
198
What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present?
pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA which enters the Krebs cycle via aerobic respiration
199
What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is not present?
pyruvate is reduced in order to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ via fermentation
200
What happens to pyruvate when there is no oxygen/ what is it converted to?
lactate
201
What does fermentation produce?
lactate and ehtanol
202
How does lactate affect your muscles?
makes them tired----iron legs
203
Is NADH recycled?
yes
204
What are the two types of fermentation?
lactate fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
205
Where does lactate fermentation occur?
bacteria, plant tissues, skeletal muscle, makes buttermilk, yogurt, and dill pickles.
206
Does glycolysis need oxygen?
no
207
In lactate fermentation is carbon lost?
no
208
In alcoholic fermentation is carbon lost?
yes, 1 carbon is lost
209
What is are facultative anaerobes?
can switch between fermentation and full oxidative pathways depending on oxygen supply
210
What are some examples of facultative anaerobes?
E. coli, lactobacuilis.....
211
What are strict anaerobes?
Fermentation is the only source of ATP, cannot do oxidative phyospporyaltion
212
What type of environment do strict anaerobes like?
oxygen-free environments
213
Where can botulism be found?
in canned foods
214
What are sone examples of strict anaerobes?
bacteria like botulism and tetanus, and fungi
215
What are strict anerobes?
need oxygen for survivial
216
What is an example of a strict anerobe?
brain cells
217
How does cancer affect glycolysis? What is this effect called?
leads to abnormal glycolysis that generates larges amounts of lactate, and creates higher rates of glysocous
effect called Warburg effect
218
What is deamination?
where amino acids get an amino group removed
219
What is the difference in the respiration of a carbon fatty acid vs a 6-carbon glucose?
The respiration of a 6-carbon fatty acid yields 20% more energy than 6-carbon glucose.
220
take screen shots of slides
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