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Biology 2311 > Chapter 15-PowerPoint > Flashcards

Chapter 15-PowerPoint Flashcards

1
Q

Where did the early ideas to explain how genes work

come from?

A

studying human diseases

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2
Q

What did Archibald Garrod do/experiment?

A
  • Recognized that alkaptonuria is inherited via a recessive allele
  • Proposed that patients with the disease lacked a particular enzyme
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3
Q

What was the significance of Archibald Garrod experiment?

A

connected genes to enzymes

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4
Q

When did Archibald Garrod do his experiment?

A

1902

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5
Q

What is alkaptonuria?

A

metabolic disease Characterized by hardening and blackening of the cartilage and urine that
turns black when exposed to air.

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6
Q

What is alkaptonuria caused by?

A

two mutated copies of a gene that normally encodes the
enzyme that breaks down homogentisic acid; these mutated versions are either not produced or produced only at low levels.

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7
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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8
Q

Who gave the name to the central dogma? when?

A

Francis Crick in 1956

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9
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA template strand is copied into a

complementary RNA strand

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10
Q

What is translation?

A

uses the RNA copy to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide

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11
Q

What type of cells does coupling of transcription and translation occur in?

A

prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

transcription nuc—exist nuc pores, translation occurs in cytoplasm at ribosomes

A

eukaryotic cells

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13
Q

What happens to precursor m-RNA?

A

Pre-mRNA ends are modified and extra segments (entrons—non coding regions) are
removed by RNA processing – functional mRNA exits
the nucleus and is translated in the cytoplasm.

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14
Q

What are the extra non coding region on precursor-mRNA called?

A

entrons

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15
Q

What replaces T in RNA?

A

U

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16
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus

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17
Q

Where does translation occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm at ribosomes

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18
Q

Which type of cells produces a functional mRNA directly, with no modifications?

A

prokaryotic cells

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19
Q

What is a codon?

A

three-letter word (triplet) of the code

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20
Q

How many strands of DNA are chosen for transcription?

A

1

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21
Q

How many strands of DNA are chosen for replication?

A

2

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22
Q

What makes RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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23
Q

Does RNA require free 3’ hydroxyl end?

A

no

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24
Q

Is RNA still anti-parallel?

A

yes

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25
What direction is RNA? what is this similar to?
5' to 3' , same as DNA
26
What is the start codon?
AUG, Met
27
Do the base pairs before AUG matter?
no
28
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA decoded to make proteins
29
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
ribosomes contain this
30
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
brings in amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
31
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
part of a complex involved in removing uncoding regions/entrons
32
Signal recognition particle RNA
SRP RNA
33
Micro-RNA (miRNA)
small stretches of RNA, anti-sense (can bind to mRNA and are complementary sequences to mRNA)
34
How many codons are there?
64
35
How many sense codons are there?
61
36
What are sense codons?
codons that specify an amino acid
37
What are the stop codons? (3)
UAA, UAG, and UGA
38
Which amino acids only have one codon? (2)
methionine and tryptophan
39
What is degeneracy?
amino acids that can be represented by more than one codon
40
What does it mean when the genetic code is commales?
there are no indicators to mark the end of one codon and the beginning of the next
41
What is the genetic code universal to?
all living organisms and viruses
42
What are the 2 man components of a gene?
Promoter and Transcription unit
43
What is a promoter?
control sequence for transcription
44
What is the transcription unit?
section of the gene that is copied into an RNA | molecule
45
What are the 3 stages of transcription?
* Initiation * Elongation * Termination
46
What type of polymerase is in prokaryotic transcription?
single RNA polymerase, one type not one copy
47
Does Initiation of mRNA synthesis require a primer in prokaryotic transcription?
no
48
What does prokaryotic transcription require? (3)
* promoter * start site * termination site
49
What is required for the initiation of transcription in eukaryotic?
series of transcription factors ``` • Necessary to get the RNA polymerase II enzyme to a promoter and to initiate gene expression • Interact with RNA polymerase to form initiation complex at promoter ```
50
What are the 3 qualities of RNA polymerase?
1) 5'--->3' 2) doesn't require primer 3) RNA is anti-parallel to template strand
51
What does RNA pol 1 transcribe?
rRNAs
52
What does gene expression refer to?
transcription and translation
53
What does RNA pol 2 transcribe?
mRNAs
54
What does RNA pol 3 transcribe?
tRNAs
55
Where does the initiation complex form in eukaryotic cells?
promoter
56
Does Each polymerase recognizes a different promoter structure?
yes
57
Are mRNAs are modified after transcription?
yes
58
Are mRNAs are modified after transcription?
yes
59
Are RNA molecules are single or double polynucleotide chains?
single
60
What is involved in processing?
1) 5' cap added 2) Poly A tail added to the end of the mRNA 3) splicing to remove non-coding regions
61
What is copied in transcription?
Only the sequence encoding a single gene is copied
62
• In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase II cannot bind directly to DNA, transcription factors must first bind to the promoter – in bacteria, RNA polymerase binds directly to DNA • Termination in Prokaryotes is caused by the formation of the hairpin loop. This stretch of A-U base pairing makes the RNA-DNA hybrid less stable and it falls off the enzyme. • In Eukaryotes, the end of transcription is not defined by RNA polymerase since the transcript undergoes modification – capping at the 5’ end and addition of the poly-A tail at the 3’end.
differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription
63
What is required to allow recognition of state site in prokaryotes?
single factor called sigma subunit
64
What is required to allow recognition of state site in eukaryotes?
whole host of transcription factors
65
What are the 2 subunits of a ribosome?
large and small subunit
66
What are the bonds between amino acids?
peptide bonds
67
What are peptide bonds formed by?
ribozymes
68
peptidyl transfase
large subunit
69
alpha, beta, delta, omicorn
varient names
70
differences between delta and omicorn?
number of mutations in spike protein difference
71
Where are the spike proteins located?
nuclear envelope
72
What is the genetic material in the virus?
RNA
73
omicorn spike mutation has 50 mutations | delta spike mutation has greater than 20 mutations
yes
74
How many deaths from the flu occur every year?
37,000
75
How do they differentiate the variants of COVID?
sequencing the genome
76
Was omicron present before delta came along?
yes

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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