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Biology 2311 > Chapter 6- PowerPoint Lectures > Flashcards

Chapter 6- PowerPoint Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the capacity to do work?

A

energy

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2
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

kinetic and potential

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3
Q

Energy of motion?

A

kinetic energy

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4
Q

stored energy?

A

potential energy

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5
Q

In a chemical reaction where is the energy transfered?

A

between reactants and products, and surroundings

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6
Q

What is the energy released or absorbed during the chemical reaction called?

A

energy of formation

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7
Q

What are the three types of systems?

A

isolated, closed, and open

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8
Q

All living organisms are what type of systems?

A

open

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9
Q

Which system doesn’t exchange material or energy with its surroundings?

A

iosolated

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10
Q

Which system exchanges only energy with its system? —doesn’t exchange matter

A

closed

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11
Q

Which system exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings?

A

open

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12
Q

What’s the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

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13
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

entropy always increases

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14
Q

What is entropy?

A

disorder

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15
Q

What are spontaneous reactions?

A

reaction that doesn’t need input of energy

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16
Q

What two factors do you need to consider to determine if a reaction is spontanous?

A

change in energy content of a system and change in entropy

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17
Q

Reaction that have less energy in the products than the reactant tend to be?

A

spontaneous

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18
Q

reactions that absorb energy?

A

endothermic

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19
Q

Gibb’s free energy equation?

A

delta g = delta H- (T delta S)

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20
Q

In spontaneous reaction delta G is?

A

negative

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21
Q

What is delta G equal to in equilibrium?

A

0

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22
Q

What is the symbol for a reversible reaction?

A

double arrow

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23
Q

Equilibrium?

A

state of balance between opposing factors pushing the reaction in either direction

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24
Q

When do you use the terms exothermic and endo thermic?

A

when refering to heat

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25
Q

When do you use the terms exergonic and endergonic?

A

when referring to delta G

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26
Q

When do you use the terms exothermic and endothermic?

A

when referring to heat

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27
Q

Which reactions releases free energy and delta G is negative?

A

exergonic reactions

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28
Q

Which reactions must gain free energy from the surrounding to form products. also delta G is positive?

A

endergonic reactions

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29
Q

What type of reaction has more free energy in the reactants than products?

A

exergonic reactions

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30
Q

What type of reaction has more free energy in the products than reactants?

A

endergonic reactions

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31
Q

What does the graph look like for a exergonic reactions?

A

downward sloping hill

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32
Q

What does the graph look like for a endergonic reactions?

A

upward sloping hill

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33
Q

Is endergonic or exergonic reactions spontaneous?

A

exergonic

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34
Q

What are the two types of metabolic pathways?

A

catabolic and anabolic

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35
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

series of reactions, where products of one reaciton are used as the reactant in the next reaction

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36
Q

In a catabolic pathway is energy released?

A

yes

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37
Q

Which metabolic pathway breaks down complex molecules to simpler compounds?

A

catabolic

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38
Q

What is the overall delta G for a catabolic pathway?

A

negative

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39
Q

What can an anabolic reaction also be called?

A

biosynthetic reaction

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40
Q

Where is energy stored in ATP

A

triphosphate group

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41
Q

what can ADP be hydrolyzed to?

A

AMP

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42
Q

what can ADP be hydrolyzed to?

A

AMP

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43
Q

What is the structure of ATP?

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate

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44
Q

What is the structure of ADP?

A

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate

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45
Q

What is the structure of AMP?

A

adenine, ribose, 1 phosphate

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46
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

when ATP is hydrolyzed

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47
Q

What is adding a phosphate group called?

A

phophorylation

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48
Q

What is the main energy component in the cell?

A

ATP

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49
Q

How is ATP continually synthesized?

A

ATP/ADP cycle

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50
Q

How many ATP are hydrolyzed and resynthesizes each second in a cell?

A

10 million

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51
Q

How does the structure of the ATP molecule store and release energy?

A

stored in the terminal phosphate bond, release when it is broken

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52
Q

How are coupled reactions important to cell function?

A

cells have both spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions, need a source of energy for the non-spontaneous reactions

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53
Q

How are coupled reactions important to cell function?

A

cells have both spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions, need a source of energy for the non-spontaneous reactions

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54
Q

Does the total amount of energy in the universe change in entropy?

A

no

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55
Q

Do living organisms decrease in entropy as they grow?

A

they seem too, but when nutrients and waste products are considered, total energy is constant and entropy increases

56
Q

What is enthalpy?

A

potential energy in a system

57
Q

What is the symbol for enthalpy?

A

H

58
Q

What is the portion of energy in a system that is available to do work called?

A

free energy

59
Q

What is delta S?

A

change in entorpy

60
Q

As a system moves toward equilibrium free energy?

A

decreases

61
Q

Do most reactions in living organisms reach equilibrium?

A

no b/c open systems where reactants are constant and products do not accumulate

62
Q

When do organisms reach equilibrium?

A

when they DIE!!!

63
Q

Which metabolic pathway build complicated molecules?

A

anabolic pathways

64
Q

What is it called when an atom or molecule loses an electron?

A

oxidation

65
Q

What is it called when an atom or molecule gains an electron?

A

reduction

66
Q

What is a reduction and oxidation reaction called?

A

redox

67
Q

What makes bonds unstable and ready to be broken?

A

activation energy

68
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

lower activation energy

69
Q

Do enzymes take part in the reaction?

A

no, remains the same in the beginning and the end

70
Q

what are enzymes made of?

A

proteins

71
Q

What is activation energy?

A

energy need to start a reaction

72
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

lowers Activation energy and accelerates the rate of the reaction

73
Q

Is an enzyme a catalyst?

A

yes

74
Q

Do enzymes and catalysts affect delta G?

A

No

75
Q

Are all enzymes are proteins?

A

yes

76
Q

Are all proteins enzymes?

A

No

77
Q

What do enzymes end with?

A

-ase

78
Q

Can enzymes be reused?

A

yes

79
Q

Do enzymes exist only in the cell?

A

No, they exist inside and outside the cell

80
Q

Is lysozyme and enzyme?

A

yes

81
Q

What is the active site?

A

small pocket or grove in the enzyme that the substate interacts with

82
Q

What is a substrate?

A

what the enzyme acts on

83
Q

Each enzyme catalyzes a single type of substate is referred to as?

A

enzyme specificity

84
Q

What happens to the shape when the substrate binds to active site? what is it called?

A

both enzyme and substrate are distorted, making bonds ready for action

called induced fit

85
Q

What happens after enzyme-substrate is formed?

A

substrate is converted to one or more products

86
Q

What enzyme is associate with sucrose?

A

sucrase

87
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

88
Q

Do we need enzymes in large quantities?

A

No

89
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

nonprotein group that binds to enzyme

90
Q

examples of cofactors?

A

metallic ions

91
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

other cofactors are small organic molecules

92
Q

Where are coenzymes often derived from?

A

vitamins

93
Q

Which coenzymes bind tightly to enzymes?

A

prosthetic groups

94
Q

What is superoxide diasmutase (SOD)?

A

free radical scavenger (bad)

95
Q

What is superoxide diasmutase cofactors?

A

copper and zinc

96
Q

What are the 3 ways enzymes stablize transition state?

A

bring reacting molecules together, changing shape of substate molecule, exposing reactant molecules to altered charge environment that promotes catalysis

97
Q

What affects enzyme activity?

A

concentration of substate (concentration of cofactors), temperature, pH, control mechanisms

98
Q

Does enzyme activity increase with increasing temperatures?

A

yes, until its optimal temperature

99
Q

If substrate concentration increases/high will enzyme activity increase?

A

yes

100
Q

What mechanisms regulate enzymes?

A

competitive and noncompetitive inhibition, allosteric regulation, removal or addition of chemical groups to the enzyme

101
Q

What type of inhibitor is Asprin?

A

reversible competitive inhibitor

102
Q

What does Aspirin inhibit?

A

enzyme cyclo-oxygenase

103
Q

What type of inhibitor is Penicillin?

A

irreversible competitive inhibitor

104
Q

What type of inhibitor is cyanide and metal ion poisoning?

A

noncompetitive inhibitors

105
Q

What do competitive inhibitors do?

A

compete with the substrate for

the same active site

106
Q

What do noncompetitive inhibitors do?

A

bind to the enzyme in a

location other than the active site—-changes shape of active site to prevent substrate from binding

107
Q

What are allosteric sites

A

specific binding sites acting as on/off
switches

regulatory molecule binds to allosteric site to promote enzyme activity or does not bind to allosteric site to decrease enzyme activity

108
Q

Do enzyme inhibitor bind to the enzyme?

A

yes

109
Q

Do enzyme inhibitors decrease or increase enzyme activity?

A

decrease

110
Q

What are the two confrontations for allosteric regulation?

A

high-affinity state (active form) and low -affinity state (inactive form)

111
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be transformed from one form to another, or transferred from one place to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed

112
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics?

A

The total disorder (entropy) of a system and its surroundings always increases (although the total energy in the universe does not change)

113
Q

What is the First Law of Thermodynamic also referred to as?

A

principle of conservation of energy

114
Q

What adds phosphate groups?

A

kinases

115
Q

What removed phosphate groups?

A

phosphatases

116
Q

As temperature rises, the rate of chemical reactions?

A

increases

117
Q

Another name for optimal enzyme activity?

A

max enzyme activity—peak on graph

118
Q

Why are the Siamese cat’s extremities darker?

A

enzyme that makes the darker colored pigment are optimally active at that temperature (colder in the extremities)

119
Q

What type of pH is pepsin optimally active?

A

acidic

120
Q

Where would pepsin be found?

A

stomach acid

121
Q

Amylase enzyme found in the mouth has a pH of what for optimal activity?

A

7

122
Q

What type of pH is trypsin optimally active?

A

basic

123
Q

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

A

they denature

124
Q

Did the RNA or DNA world come first?

A

RNA

125
Q

Did the RNA or DNA world come first?

A

RNA

126
Q

What are Ribozymes?

A

group of RNA molecules that accelerate the rate of certain reactions without being changed by the reaction

127
Q

What do ribozymes in ribosomes catalyze do?

A

catalyze the linkage of amino acids in protein synthesis

128
Q

Does a ribozyme fit the definition of an enzyme?

A

yes

129
Q

What catalyzes the cutting and splicing reaction s that remove excess segments from RNA molecules?

A

ribozymes

130
Q

What does feedback inhibition do?

A

end product is a factor in the cycle/mechanism. Can have part of controlling the cycle

131
Q

Do kinases activate or deactivate an enzyme?

A

they do both

132
Q

What is the function of phosphatases?

A

reverse effects of phosphorylation done by kinases

133
Q

What is the function of phosphatases?

A

reverse effects of phosphorylation done by kinases

134
Q

How does an increasing temperature affect kinetic motion?

A

it increases kinetic motion to break hydrogen bonds

135
Q

What are the two roles ribozyme played when cellular life first appeared?

A

enzymes and information molecules

Biology 2311 (16 decks)

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