Chapter 4-Powerpoint Lectures Flashcards
1
Q
When and who discovered cells?
A
in 1665 by Robert Hooke
2
Q
Cell Theory
A
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells
2) Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms
3) Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
3
Q
How do some cells increase surface area?
A
extensions or folds
4
Q
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
A
Transmission and scanning types
5
Q
Why is it hard for water soluble ions to go through the plasma membrane?
A
b/c membrane is made of a hydrophobic bilayer
6
Q
what does the cytoplasm contain?
A
cytosol and cytoskeleton
7
Q
What does the cytosol contain?
A
ions, various organic molecules, and organelles
8
Q
What help maintain a cell’s shape and plays a role in chromosome segregation?
A
cytoskeleton
9
Q
What domains are Prokaryotes?
A
Bacteria and Arcaea
10
Q
What domain are Eukaryotes?
A
Eukarya
11
Q
Where is the genetic information stored in a prokaryote?
A
nucleoid, single and circular molecule called plasmids
12
Q
Where is the genetic information stored in a eukaryotes?
A
nucleus
13
Q
sugars that coat a cell wall of a prokaryotes
A
glycocalyx
14
Q
loosely attached glycocalyx
A
slime layer
15
Q
firmly attached glycocalyx
A
capsule
16
Q
Where is ATP synthesized in prokaryotes?
A
plasma membrane
17
Q
What is the role of pili?
A
attach the cell to surfaces of other cells
18
Q
What are the three shapes of prokaryotes?
A
spherical, rodlike, and spiral
19
Q
What carries DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm?
A
mRNA
20
Q
Differences in organelles between plant and animal cells?
A
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, vacuoles, and a cell wall outside the cell membrane
21
Q
In cell fractionation, what order do things participate out in?
A
whole cells, cell fragments, nuclei, mitochondria and chloroplasts, ribosomes and proteins and nucleic acids
22
Q
How many nucleus do most eukaryotic cells possess?
A
1
23
Q
Where does ribosomal RNA synthesis take place?
A
Nucleous
24
Q
Where are ribosomal subunits formed
A
Nucleous
25
where do molecules enter and exit out of the nucleus?
nuclear pores
26
How many phospholipid bilayers are in the nuclear envelope?
2
27
What is the protein structural layer in the nucleus?
nuclear lamina
28
What shape is DNA in eukaryotes?
linear
29
What is the liquid in the nucleus?
nucleoplasm
30
What is chromatin?
Combo of DNA and protiens
31
What helps proteins get where they need to go?
nuclear localization signal
32
What subunits are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?
small and large
33
What are eukaryotic ribosomes made of?
rRNA and protiens
34
Where are eukaryotic ribosomes located?
cytosol and some are attached to membranes
35
What are small membrane-bound sacs that transfer substances between parts of the system?
vesicles
36
What is the purpose of the endomembrane system?
dividing the cell into compartments
37
What is included in the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane
38
what is the cisterna formed by?
a single membrane that surrounds an enclosed space (ER lumen)
39
What are the two types of ER?
Smooth ER and Rough ER
40
Which ER has ribosomes on the outer sufarce?
Rough ER
41
where do proteins fold into their final form?
rough ER
42
What happens in the rough ER
proteins fold into their final form, chemical modification, delivered to other region in vesicles that pinch off
43
What happens in the smooth ER?
lipid synthesis (phospholipid membranes) and hormone synthesis
44
What does the smooth ER in the liver do?
detoxify harmful substances
45
What are the golgi networks?
cis-, medial-, trans-
46
Where do proteins enter on the Golgi apparatus?
cis face
47
Where do the proteins bud off from on the Golgi apparatus?
trans face
48
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
distribution of molecules, formation of glycoproteins and glycolipids, final protein folding, stores secreted material
49
What are proteins that are to be secreted transported in?
secretory vesicles
50
How do cells get rid of material?
exocytosis---secretory vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and release its contents
51
How many bilayers do lysosomes have?
1
52
Are lysosomes found in plants and animals?
no, just animals
53
Where are lysosomes made?
trans-Golgi network
54
What do lysosomes do?
digest/remove substances via acidic environment
55
What is the process of destroying foreign matter or cells?
phagocytosis
56
What is destroying organelles?
autophagy
57
How do cells bring materials into it?
endocytosis
58
What is pinocytosis?
Where foreign soluble material is digested in the lysosome
59
What is the pathway to excrete material?
Rough ER (lumen), transport vesicles, Golgi, secretary vesicles, plasma membrane
60
What is invagination?
when the budding of vesicles becomes larger
61
Why do we need to coat and uncoat the vesicles?
The coating determines the direction of movement of the vesicle. It can only fuse with membrane when it uncoats
62
What is produced by peroxisomes?
Hydrogen peroxide
63
What makes hydrogen peroxide harmless?
catalase---only exists in peroxisomes
64
What is the structure of lysosomes
single bilayer membrane vesicles
65
Which 2 organelles have their own DNA
mitochondria and chloroplasts
66
How many membranes do mitochondria have?
2 phospholipid bilyaers
67
How do mitochondria increase the surface area?
colds called cristae
68
What is the innermost compartment of mitochondria?
matrix
69
What is contained in the mitochondrial matrix?
DNA, ribosomes, and other components
70
Where does cellular respiration occur?
In matrix and cristae of mitochondria
71
What type of membranes do chloroplasts have?
double
72
What is endosymbiotic theory?
An ancient eukaryotic cell engulfed and ancient aerobic prokaryotic cell= mitochondria. in an animal cell.
Symbiotic relationship
73
Did animal or plant cells come first?
animal as seen in endosymbiotic theroy
74
what does the cytoskeleton do?
maintain shape, internal organization, movement
75
What two types of tubulin are there? ---microtubules
alpha and beta----added in a pattern (A,B,A,B,...)
76
How do tubulin filaments grow and decrease in length?
removal or addition of dimers called polymerization and depolymerization
77
Where are intermediate filaments job?
support internal structure of cell
78
How big are the largest microtubules?
25nm in diameter
79
Where do microtubules radiate from?
centersome----aster like star
80
What are the centriole formed from?
micortubules
81
Orientation of centriole?
perpendicular
82
Shape of centriole?
barell shape
83
What does dyneins do?
motor protein carries cargo from outer edge of cell to center
84
What does kinesins do?
motor protein carries cargo from center of cell to out edge
85
How do vesicles move?
the motor proteins have two "feet" and walk along microtubules
86
Structure of intermediate filaments
parallel bundles
87
How thick are microfilaments?
7nm in diameter
88
What type of polarity do microfilaments have?
plus and minus end
89
What is cytoplasmic streaming
transports stuff and is responsible for ameobiod movement
90
Where do flagella and cilia arise from?
centrioles
91
How are flagella and cila different?
cilia are shorter
92
Structure of flagella and cilia?
9+2 complex
93
How do flagella move?
s-shaped wave
94
How do cilia move?
power and recovery stroke. like rowing a boat
95
What is the waving and bending mechanism?
in cilia and flagella dynein motor proteins slide the microtubule doublets over each other
96
How is DNA organized in a eukaryotic cell?
chromosomes
97
Which end do you add dimers to microtubles?
plus end
98
Which end do you remove dimers from imcrotubules?
minus end
99
What bonds are responsible in tertiary structure?
hydrogen bonds, disulfide linkages, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, an der Waals interactions
100
What does tertiary structure determine?
function and solubility
101
What did the Anfinsen Experiment determine?
primary structure determines secondary and tertiary structure----which is why the protein was able to renature
102
Do pili exist on eukaryotes and prokayotes?
No, just prokaryotes
103
Do flagella exist on eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
yes, they exist on both
104
Do cilia exist on eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
No, just eukaryotes
105
What are microfilaments composed of?
actin subunits
106
Do chloroplasts also occur in algal protists
yes
107
What are the three things under plastids?
chloroplasts, amylopasts, chromoplasts
108
Which are yellow-green plastids?
chloroplasts
109
What are colorless plastids that store starch?
amyloplasts
110
Which are colored plastids that are responsible for ripening>
chromoplasts
111
Do all plastids contain DNA?
yes
112
What types of membranes are in a chloroplasts?
inner and outer boundary membranes
113
What is the equivalents of stroma in chloroplasts?
matirx
114
What is chlorophyll stored?
thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
115
How much space does the central vacuole occupy?
90% or more
116
Function of central vaucole?
storage, breakdown enzymes, contain molecules that provide chemical defense
117
Membrane that srrounds central vacuole?
tonoplast
118
What is the cell wall made of?
cellulose
119
What is cellulose made of? linkage?
beta glucose, beta (1,4) linkage
120
Structure of cell wall?
primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, and middle lamella
121
How is the primary cell wall different that the secondary cell wall?
secondary cell wall has more layers of cellulose and branched carbohydrates
122
What is ligin and where is it found?
reinforces secondary walls in woody plants
123
What is the middle lamella
hold primary and secondary walls via pectin
124
What is plasmodesmata?
communication junctions in plant cells
allow ions and molecules to move directly from one cell to another through via cytosol
125
Where are plasmodesmata located?
primary and secondary cell walls
126
What are the three animal cell surfaces specailized structures?
cell adhesion molecures, cell junctions, extracellular matrix
127
What do cell adhesion molecues do?
bind cells together
128
What do cell junctions do?
seal spaces between cells and allow for communication
129
What are cell adhesion molecules made of?
glycoprotiens in the plasma membrane
130
What happens to cancer cells in cell adhesion moelcues?
they lose thier adhesion allowing them to travel to new locations
131
What happens to cancer cells in cell adhesion moelcues?
they lose their adhesion allowing them to travel to new locations
132
what are anchrogin junctions?
weld adjacent cells together
133
What are desomosomes?
anchoring junctions with intermediate fillaments that anchor juntion in underlying cytoplasms
134
What are desomosomes?
anchoring junctions with intermediate filaments that anchor junction in underlying cytoplasms
135
What are adherens junctions?
microfilaments are the anchoring cytosletal component
136
How are tight junctions formed?
direct fusion of proteins on the outer surfaces of plasma membranes of adjacent cells
137
What is the outer suface called?
apical surface
138
What is the outer surface called?
apical surface
139
What are all junctions made of?
protiens
140
What is the channel between the gap junction called?
connexon
141
What are gap junctions?
open channels that allow ion and molecules to transfer between cells
142
What does the ECM contain?
proteins and polysaccarides
143
What is the function of ECM?
cell adhesion, etc
144
Where are integrins located?
plasma membrane
145
What are the main component of ECM
glycoprotiens
146
What is the most common glycoprotein in animal cells?
collagen
147
What are fibronectins?
bind to receptor proteins (integrins) in the plasma membrane, which bind to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
glycoproteins in the ECM
148
What are proteoglycans?
that surrounds the collagen fibers - In bone, the network is impregnated with mineral crystals, producing a structure that is dense and hard, yet elastic
protein bound to lot of sugar residues, determines consistency of ECM
149
What are anchoring junctions made of?
desmosomes
150
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
grana
151
What do dyneins and kinesisn push/pull agains?
microtubles
152
What do myosins push/pull against?
microfilaments
153
What are plant gap junctions?
plasmodesmata
154
What type of junctions cover internal organs?
tight junctions
155
What are integrins?
Receptor proteins located in the plasma membrane
Bind microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
156
What links the ECM to the cytoskeleton?
fibronectins and integrins
157
In the Frye-Edidin Experiment was were the Human cell anti-bodies color?
red
158
In the Frye-Edidin Experiment was were the mouse cell anti-bodies color?
green
159
What does "fluid" refer to the in the Fluid mosaic model?
phospholipids
160
Which filament type is responsible for dividing the cytoplasm during the cytokinesis part of cell division?
microfilaments
161
What does two cysteine create?
cystine
