Chapter #5 / Session #5 Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is Long-term memory?
Long-term memory refers to the high-capacity storage system that contains your memories for experiences and information that you have accumulated throughout your lifetime.
How long can information in long-term memory last?
Information in long-term memory can last for a few minutes to many decades.
What are the 3 subtypes of Long-term memory?
episodic memory, semantic memory, and procedural memory
What is Episodic Memory?
Episodic memory focuses on your memories for events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life.
Episodic memory includes your memory for an event that occurred 10 years ago, as well as a conversation you had 10 minutes ago.
What is Semantic memory?
Semantic memory describes your organized knowledge about the world, including your knowledge about words and other factual information.
The episodic and semantic components of our long-term memory store information based on ___.
meaning
What is Procedural memory?
Procedural memory refers to your knowledge about how to do something.
What occurs during Encoding?
During encoding, you process information and represent it in your memory.
What occurs during Retrieval?
During retrieval, you locate information in storage, and you access that information.
Many memory errors can be traced to inadequate ___ strategies.
retrieval
Deep levels of processing encourage recall because of two factors: ___ and ___.
distinctiveness // elaboration
What is Distinctiveness?
Distinctiveness means that a stimulus is different from other memory traces.
What is Elaboration?
Elaboration requires rich processing in terms of meaning and interconnected concepts.
What is the Self-reference effect?
According to the self-reference effect, you will remember more information if you try to relate that information to yourself.
What is the encoding-specificity principle
the encoding-specificity principle states that recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding. When the two contexts do not match, you are more likely to forget the items.
What occurs during a recall task?
On a recall task, the participants must reproduce the items they learned earlier. (For example, can you recall the definition for elaboration?)
What occurs during a recognition task?
On a recognition task, the participants must judge whether they saw a particular item at an earlier time. (For example, did the word morphology appear earlier in this chapter?)
What are the two kinds of retrieval tasks?
explicit and implicit memory tasks.
The most common explicit memory test is ___.
recall
Both recall and recognition tasks are examples of ___ memory tasks.
explicit
How does an explicit memory task work?
On an explicit memory task, a researcher directly asks you to remember some information; you realize that your memory is being tested, and the test requires you to intentionally retrieve some information that you previously learned.
How does an implicit memory task work?
On an implicit memory task, you see the material (usually a series of words or pictures); later, during the test phase, you are instructed to complete a cognitive task that does not directly ask you for either recall or recognition.
What is a Dissciation?
A dissociation occurs when a variable has large effects on Test A, but little or no effects on Test B; a dissociation also occurs when a variable has one kind of effect if measured by Test A, and the opposite effect if measured by Test B. The term dissociation is similar to the concept of a statistical interaction, a term that might sound familiar if you have completed a course in statistics.
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain damage. This deficit is especially severe for events that occurred during the years just before the damage.
