Chapter 5: The Nervous, Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Question 1

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: muscular, skeletal and nervous systems

Answer 1

Human Movement System (HMS)

Question 2

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement

Answer 2

Kinetic Chain

Question 3

A network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body

Answer 3

Nervous System

Question 4

A specialized cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 4

Neuron

Question 5

Cellular structure or organelle that contains the majority of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions within a cell. Examples include nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

Organelles

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

The parts of the cell that use nutrients to create energy for the cell; commonly known as the power houses of the cell

Question 8

A part of the body, such as a muscle or organ that receives a signal from a neuron to produce a physiological response

Answer 8

Effector sites

Question 9

Minerals that have an electrical charge to help transmit nerve impulses throughout the body, such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium

Answer 9

Electrolytes

Question 10

A division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

Answer 10

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 11

Nerves that connect the rest of the body to the central nervous system

Answer 11

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 12

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system

Answer 12

Afferent Pathway

Question 13

Nuerons are composed with these 3 main parts:

Answer 13

the cell body, the axon and the dendrites.

Question 14

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous system to the rest of the body

Answer 14

Efferent Pathway

Question 15

Neurons located within the spinal cord and brain that transmit impulses between afferent and efferent impulses

Answer 15

Interneurons

Question 16

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) within tissues and then transmit signals through sensory nerves

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors

Question 17

Specialized structures that respond to chemical interaction (mell and taste)

Answer 17

Chemoreceptors

Question 18

Specialized structures that respond to light (vision)

Answer 18

Photoreceptors

Question 19

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

Answer 19

Somatic nervous system

Question 20

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to organs that run the involuntary processes of the body (e.g. circulating blood, digesting food, producing hormones)

Answer 20

Autonomic nervous system

Question 21

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase neural activity and put the body in a heightened state (fight or flight)

Answer 21

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state (rest and digest)

Answer 22

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 23

Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Answer 23

Sensory function

Question 24

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts

Answer 24

Proprioception

Question 25

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision-making, which produces an appropriate response

Answer 25

Integrative function

Question 26

The neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the integrated sensory information

Answer 26

Motor function

Question 27

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Answer 27

Muscle Spindles

Question 28

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

Answer 28

Stretch reflex

Question 29

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle; sensitive to changes in muscular tension and rate of tension change

Answer 29

Golgi tendon organ (GTO)

Question 30

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Answer 30

Joint Receptors

Question 30

Receptors located in and around the joint capsule that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Answer 30

Joint Receptors

Question 31

The concept that the brain will continually change or grow, reforming neural pathways throughout an individual's entire life span

Answer 31

Neuroplasticity

Question 32

The interconnection of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 32

Neurocircuitry

Question 33

Specific movements through the coordinated effort of the sensory and motor subsystems

Answer 33

Motor skills

Question 34

a description of the bones of the body

Answer 34

Skeletal System

Question 35

a description of the bones of the body

Answer 35

Skeletal System

Question 36

A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture

Answer 36

Osteoporosis

Question 37

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

Answer 37

Joints

Question 37

The sites where two bones meet and movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

Answer 37

Joints

Question 38

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cafe, and the vertebral column

Answer 38

Axial Skeleton

Question 39

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs and the pelvic girdle.

Answer 39

Appendicular skeleton

Question 40

Rigid rods where muscles attach

Answer 40

Levers

Question 41

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure

Answer 41

Remodeling

Question 42

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue

Answer 42

Osteoclasts

Question 43

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

Answer 43

Osteoblasts

Question 44

Scientific explanation of how remodeling (new bone growth) occurs along the lines of stress placed on the bone

Answer 44

Wolff's law

Question 45

Flattened or indented portions of bone

Answer 45

Depressions

Question 46

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

Answer 46

Processes

Question 47

Bones that house the spinal cord; consists of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions

Answer 47

Vertebral column

Question 48

Bundle of nerves housed within the vertebrae

Answer 48

Spinal cord

Question 49

Fibrous cartilage structures between vertebrae that act as shock absorbers and assist with movement

Answer 49

Intervertebral discs

Question 50

Represents a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load and can most optimally support functional movement

Answer 50

Neutral Spine

Question 51

Movement of a limb that is visible

Answer 51

Osteokinematics

Question 52

The descriptions of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll, slide, and spin

Answer 52

Arthrokinematics

Question 53

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

Answer 53

Synovial joints

Question 54

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to side

Answer 54

Nonaxial

Question 55

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure.

Answer 55

Nonsynovial joints

Question 56

A fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Answer 56

Ligament

Question 57

A protein found in connective tissues, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the mot abundant protein in the human body

Answer 57

Collagen

Question 58

A protein that provides elasticity to skin, tendons, ligaments, and other structures

Answer 58

Elastin

Question 59

A specialized cartilage disc located in the epiphysis that is responsible for longitudinal bone growth

Answer 59

Growth plate

Question 60

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

Answer 60

Skeletal muscle

Question 61

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

Answer 61

Fascia

Question 62

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle, commonly referred to as the "deep fascia"

Answer 62

Epimysium

Question 63

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle. These are surrounded by perimysium

Answer 63

Fascicles

Question 64

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

Answer 64

Perimysium

Question 65

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a fascicle

Answer 65

Endomysium

Question 66

Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate

Answer 66

Glycogen

Question 67

Protein-based molecule that carries oxygen molecules into the muscles

Answer 67

Myoglobin

Question 68

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within these

Answer 68

Myofibrils

Question 69

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin

Answer 69

Myofilaments

Question 70

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

Answer 70

Actin

Question 71

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

Answer 71

Myosin

Question 72

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments between two Z-lines

Answer 72

Sarcomere

Question 73

The meeting point of each sarcomere

Answer 73

Z-line

Question 74

The nervous system's signal that tells a muscle to contract

Answer 74

Neural activation

Question 75

The specialized site where the nervous system communicates directly with muscle fibers

Answer 75

Neuromuscular junction

Question 76

A junction or small gap between the motor neuron and muscle cells

Answer 76

Synapse

Question 77

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

Answer 77

Motor unit

Question 77

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

Answer 77

Motor unit

Question 78

Nerve impulse that is relayed from the central nervous system, through the peripheral nervous system, and into the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

Answer 78

Action potential

Question 79

Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neuron and muscle and assist with nerve transmission

Answer 79

Neurotransmitters

Question 80

A neurotransmitter that helps the action potential cross the synapse into the muscle, which initiates the steps in a muscle contraction

Answer 80

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 81

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere

Answer 81

Sliding filament theory

Question 82

The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a muscle contraction

Answer 82

Excitation-contraction coupling

Question 83

The myosin heads bind to actin and pull them toward the sarcomere center, which slides the filaments past each other, shortening the muscle

Answer 83

Power stroke

Question 84

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

Answer 84

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 84

A high-energy molecule that serves as the main form of energy in the human body; known as the energy currency of the body

Answer 84

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 85

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched

Answer 85

Resting length

Question 86

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

Answer 86

Type I muscle fibers

Question 87

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force, and are faster to fatigue

Answer 87

Type II muscle fibers

Question 88

Motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all

Answer 88

All-or-nothing principle

Question 89

The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues

Answer 89

Capillaries