Chapter 10: Supplementation Flashcards by Brittany Bowman

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: vitamins; mineral; herb or other botanical; amino acid; substance used by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake; or concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any previously described ingredient

Dietary supplement

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Must be obtained in the diet, as the body is incapable of producing the nutrient on its own

Essential nutrient

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When too much of a vitamin or mineral accumulates within the body, resulting in illness or other symptoms

Toxicity

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The primary legislation of the US government regulating dietary supplements

Dietary supplement health and Education act of 1994

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Describes the laws and regulations for dietary supplements, including how supplements are labeled, manufactured, and brought to or removed from market

Code of federal regulations

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The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect

Tolerable upper limit

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Any unfavorable medical occurrence associated with the use of a medication, medical intervention, or dietary supplement

Adverse effect

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An agent that increases physiologic or metabolic activity. Common ones are caffeine and nicotine

Stimulant

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Molecule made from amino acids and used as a dietary supplement to facilitate adenosine triphosphate regeneration for improved training capacity, strength, power and muscle mass

Creatine

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A dietary supplement that may be prohibited from use in a specific sport, or sport league. These supplements may not be illegal or prohibited at all times during the year

Banned

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Compound made from testosterone or another hormone that acts on hormone receptors to produce increases in muscle size or strength

Anabolic Steroid

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A dietary supplement used to improve a component of well-being

Health supplement

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A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; may also be referred to as an ergogenic acid

Performance supplement

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Group of organic compounds required in small quantities in the diet to support growth and metabolic processes

Vitamins

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Inorganic, natural substances, some of which are essential in human nutrition. There are two kinds of these; major and trace

Minerals

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The form in which a vitamin must be to exert an effect within the body

Biologically active

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Any form of vitamin that cannot exert its effect within the body

Biologically inactive

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The red-orange pigment found in vegetables and fruits that is converted to vitamin A in the body

Beta-carotene

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A sensitivity to lactose (milk sugar) typically resulting in gastrointestinal distress

Lactose intolerance

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Gastrointestinal discomfort, sometimes severe, triggered by certain foods but is not a food allergy

Irritable bowel syndrome

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A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency

Rickets

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A condition of reduced bone mineral density, which increases risk of bone fracture

Osteoporosis

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Irregular heartbeat

Heart arrhythmias

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An accumulation of blood cells prior to a clot

Platelet aggregationi

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A weakened immune system

Immunodeficiency

Nerve damage not occurring in the brain or spinal cord

Peripheral neuropathy

Muscle degeneration

Skeletal myopathy

A protein found in connective tissues, muscles, and skin that provides strength and structure. It is the most abundant protein in the human body

Collagen

A disease resulting from insufficient vitamin C and characterized by spontaneous bleeding (usually of the gyms), anemia, swelling, weakened joints, and loss of teeth

Scurvy

A thiamine deficiency that can result in inflammation or degeneration of the heart and nerves, peripheral neuropathy, and impaired motor function

Beriberi

A niacin or tryptophan deficiency that leads to a skin rash (dermatitis), digestive disorders (diarrhea), and mood or cognitive decline (dementia).

Pellagra

A loss of appetite or the conscious decision to avoid eating, often leading to dangerously low body weight and/or malnourishment

Anorexia

A condition of poor iron status

Anemia

Inflammation of the skin, rashes, excessive dryness, and/or blistering

Dermatitis

A birth defect, and type of neural tube defect, when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly

Spina bifida

Absence of menstration

Amenorrheic

Lower than normal bone density and a precursor to osteoporosis

Osteopenia

A vegetarian diet that also includes dairy and eggs

Lacto-ovo vegetarian

A vegetarian diet that also includes eggs

Ovo-vegetarian

Excess blood calcium levels

Hypercalcemia

A type of iron found in animal foods

Heme

A type of iron found in plant foods

Nonheme

A disease in which the body absorbs too much iron from consumed foods

Hemochromatosis

The polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and alpha--linolenic acid (ALA)

Omega-3

A type of omega-3 fatty acid found in the flesh of cold-water fish, such as tuna, mackerel, salmon, and herring

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

A type of omega-3 fatty acid that is found in seafood, such as fish and fish oils

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

One type of omega-3 fatty acid found in seeds and oils, such as walnuts and flaxseed, and many common vegetable oils

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)

The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body

Triglycerides

A dietary supplement that may enhance performance or body composition; it may also be referred to as a performance supplement

Ergogenic aid

Organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group

Amino acids

Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet

Nonessential amino acids

Amino acids that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it; there are nine essential amino acids

Essential amino acid (EAA)

The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) that are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branchlike structures

Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)

Process by which new muscle proteins are formed and a muscle grows or repairs at the molecular level

Muscle protein synthesis (MPS)

High-energy molecule that releases energy when its bonds are broken

Phosphagen

The most common, and likely most effective, form of creatine available as a dietary supplement

Creatine monohydrate

Practice of using large doses of a supplement to saturate muscle tissues or other body stores prior to resorting to a lesser, maintenance dose

Produced or synthesized within an organism

Endogenous

Hormone, also known as epinephrine, that excites bodily processes, increasing alertness and cell metabolism

Adrenaline

A highly concentrated caffeine powder made from the seeds and leaves of coffee plants

Caffeine anhydrous

Dimethylamyulamine; a stimulant and amphetamine once legal for use as a dietary supplement

DMAA

A plant-sourced alkaloid with metabolism-enhancing effects. It is an illegal supplement in the US and the European Union

Ephedra

Any adverse effect that results in any life-threatening situation, inpatient hospitalization, persistent incapacity of a person's ability to conduct a normal life, a congenital anomaly, reproductive harm, or death

Serious adverse effect

A hormone used to create another hormone or hormone-like agent

Hormone precursor

A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics

Testosterone

A condition in males characterized by breast tissue growth

Gynecomastia