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NASM - CPT > Chapter 6: the Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 6: the Cardiorespiratory, Endocrine, and Digestive Systems Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, blood vessels, lungs and airways

A

Cardiorespiratory System

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2
Q

A system of the body, also known as the circulatory system, that transports blood to tissues of the body

A

Cardiovascular system

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3
Q

Chamber within the chest that contains the heart and lungs

A

Thoracic Cavity

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4
Q

The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest (e.g. heart, esophagus) except the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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5
Q

Muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

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6
Q

The type of muscle tissue that connects to bones and generates the forces that create movement

A

Skeletal Muscle

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7
Q

An involuntary non striated muscle type that is found in organs

A

Smooth muscle

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8
Q

The contractile components of a muscle cell; the myofilaments (actin and myosin) are contained within myofibril

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

The structural unit of a myofibril, composed of actin and myosin filaments between two z-lines

A

Sarcomere

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10
Q

Superior chambers of the heart that gathers blood returning to the heart

A

Atrium (Atria)

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11
Q

Inferior chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs and body

A

Ventricle

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12
Q

Found in the heart, the formations help hold tighter muscle cells

A

Intercalated discs

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13
Q

The number of heart beats per minute while at complete rest

A

Resting heart rate (RHR)

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14
Q

Located in the right atrium, this node initiates an electrical signal that causes the heart to beat

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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15
Q

Located between the atria and ventricles, this node delays the impulse from the sinoatrial node before allowing it to pass to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

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16
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

A

Stroke volume

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17
Q

The filled volume of the ventricle before contraction

A

Ventricular end-diastolic volume

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18
Q

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after ejection

A

End-systolic volume

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19
Q

The measurement of the number of times a heart beats within a specified time period (usually 1 minute)

A

Heart rate (HR)

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20
Q

When the heart rate is less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

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21
Q

When the heart rate is greater than 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

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22
Q

The over performance of the heart (heart rate x stroke volume)

A

Cardiac output (Q)

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23
Q

Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; it carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also transports waste products from the body to other compartments or organs for either processing (e.g. liver) or excretion (e.g. kidney)

A

Blood

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24
Q

Substances within the blood that attach to cells, aid in growth and development, and help with healing after injury

A

Growth factors

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25
Cells within the body that divide and develop into specialized cells, such as brain cells, heart cells and bone cells
Stem cells
26
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body
Blood vessels
27
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
28
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of elements between the blood and the tissues
Capillaries
29
Vessels that transport blood back to the heart
Veins
30
Small arteries that eventually divide into capillaries
Arterioles
31
Small veins that allow blood to drain from capillaries into the larger veins
Venules
32
The formation of new capillaries
Vasculogenesis
33
The formation of new capillaries from existing blood vessels
Angiogenesis
34
The accumulation of blood into the extremities due to slow blood flow through the veins (venous return) or backflow
Venous Pooling
35
The outward pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel walls; report3ed as systolic/diastolic
Blood Pressure (BP)
36
The amount of resistance in the arteries that must be overcome for blood to flow
Peripheral resistance
37
Consistently elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
38
A bodily system, also known as the pulmonary system, that brings oxygen into the lungs from breathed air while removing carbon dioxide from the lungs into the outside air; includes airways, lungs and the respiratory muscles
Respiratory System
39
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow for proper respiratory mechanics as well as pumping blood back to the heart during inspiration
Respiratory pump
40
The process of contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body
Inspiration
41
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body
Expiration
42
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body
Diffusion
43
Respiratory rate that is too fast; greater than 24 breaths per minute
Tachypnea
44
Respiratory rate that is too slow; fewer than 8 breaths per minute
Bradypnea
45
Shortness of breath or labored breathing
Dyspnea
46
Breathing deeply by allowing the expansion of the abdominal area
Diaphragmatic breathing
47
The breakdown and utilization of fat for energy
Lipolysis
48
Substance in the body that causes a specific reaction or change
Enzyme
49
Cells that release substances into the bloodstream (such as hormones) or other surface of the body
Glands
50
Chemical messenger released from a gland that travels to cells to activate a specific function
Hormone
51
Cells that receives a message from a hormone or enzyme. Target cells exert an action after being stimulated or activated
Target (receptor) cell
52
A gland located in the brain that communicates with the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
53
A small gland in the brain that secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps regulate sleep cycles
Pineal gland
54
An organ with numerous functions, including the production of insulin, glucagon, and digestive juices
Pancreas
55
An endocrine gland, located in the anterior neck, responsible for the secretion of many hormones, including thyroxin and calcitonin
Thyroid gland
56
An endocrine gland that controls the secretion of many hormones, including growth hormone
Pituitary gland
57
A gland, located just above the kidneys, responsible for the secretion of catecholamines and cortisol
Adrenal gland
58
Glands, such as the ovaries or testes, that serve sex-specific functions
Reproductive glands
59
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that is responsible for glucose metabolism
Insulin
60
A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose and functions opposite to insulin
Glucagon
61
Intermediate forms of nutrients used in metabolic reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
Substrates
62
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
Glycogen
63
An anabolic hormone produced by the pituitary gland that is responsible for growth and development
Growth hormone
64
Hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are part of the stress response known as the fight-or-flight response
Catecholamines
65
Metabolic process that breaks down molecules into smaller units used for energy
Catabolic
66
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)
Gluconeogenesis
67
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in reduction of performance, which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery
Overtraining
68
A hormone producing secondary male sex characteristics
Testosterone
69
Metabolic process that synthesizes smaller molecules into larger units used for building and repairing tissues
Anabolic
70
Anabolic hormone produced by the liver, which is responsible for growth and development
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
71
The amount of energy required to maintain the body at rest
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
72
Thyroid hormone that helps the body use calcium properly to aid with maintaining bone mineral density
Calcitonin
73
A condition that results in elevated blood glucose levels
Glucose intolerance
74
An organ found below the liver, on the right side of the body, that receives bile from the liver and secretes it into the duodenum
Gall bladder
75
An organ in the upper-right abdominal cavity with numerous functions, including the production and secretion of bile, which is stored and concentrated in the gall bladder prior to release into the duodenum
Liver
76
In the digestive system, refers to movements of the anatomical structures that allow contents to pass through
Motility
77
The mechanical process whereby the oral muscles break down food
Mastication
78
The muscle action of the gastrointestinal system that pushes food through the body during digestion
Peristalsis
79
Multistep process that describes the passage of food through the body
Digestion
80
The process of nutrients being absorbed into the body during the digestive process
Absorption
81
The anatomical part of the digestive tract that allows food to pass from oral cavity to stomach
Esophagus
82
The act of taking food, liquid, or other substances into the body in preparation for digestion
Ingestion
83
A semifluid mass of digested food that is passed from the stomach to the small intestine
Chyme
84
Part of the small intestine that resides between the stomach and the jejunum
Duodenum
85
Part of the small intestine that resides between the duodenum and the ileum
Jejunum
86
The final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum and leads to the large intestine
Ileum

NASM - CPT (20 decks)

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