Chapter 5.1

Question 1

How are monosaccharides classified?

Answer 1

Location of carbonyl group (whether they are ketose or aldose)
Number of carbons on the skeleton

Question 2

Monosaccharide role

Answer 2

Fuel for cel and as raw material for building macromolecules

Question 3

How are monosaccharides linked together?

Answer 3

Glycosidic linkage

Question 4

Starch

Answer 4

Storage polysaccharide for plants, stored in chloroplast

Question 5

Amylose

Answer 5

Simplest form of starch

Question 6

Glycogen

Answer 6

Storage polysaccharide in animals

Question 7

Cellulose

Answer 7

Component of cell wall
Most abundant organic macromolecule
Aka insoluble giver

Question 8

Alpha and beta linkages in glucose

Answer 8

In alpha linkage, OH stays at the bottom of the ring- starch
Beta linkage alternates- cellulose

Question 9

Chitin

Answer 9

Structural polysaccharide in the exoskeleton and fungi

Question 10

What are fats constructed from?

Answer 10

Glycerol- 3C alcohol with a hydroxyl group to each C- and fatty acid- carboxyl group to a long skeleton

Question 11

Triaxylglycerol/ triglyceride

Answer 11

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol

Question 12

Hydrogenation

Answer 12

Converting unsaturated to saturated fats by adding H, forming trans double bond, forming trans fats

Question 13

Steroids

Answer 13

Lipids from four fused carbon rings

Question 14

Cholesterol

Answer 14

Component of animal cell membrane

Question 15

Protein functions

Answer 15

1. Enzymatic
2. Defensive
3. Storage
4. Transport
5. Hormonal
6. Receptor
7. Contractile and motor
8. Structural

Question 16

Enzymatic protein

Answer 16

Function- selective acceleration of chemical reactions
Example- digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of bonds in food molecules

Question 17

Defensive proteins

Answer 17

Function- protection against disease
Example- antibodies

Question 18

Storage proteins

Answer 18

Function- storage of amino acids
Examples- casein (milk), seeds, and ovalbumin (egg white)

Question 19

Transport proteins

Answer 19

Function- transport of substances
Examples- hemoglobin

Question 20

Hormonal proteins

Answer 20

Function- coordinates an organism activities
Example- insulin

Question 21

Receptor protein

Answer 21

Function- response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example- nerve cell signaling detection

Question 22

Contractile and motor proteins

Answer 22

Function- movement
Examples- actin and myosin

Question 23

Structural proteins

Answer 23

Function- support
Example- keratin in hair

Question 24

Polypeptides

Answer 24

Unbranched polymers from amino acids
Possess a unique sequence of amino acids with a carboxyl end (c terminus) and an amino end (n terminus)

Question 25

Amino acids

Answer 25

Contain a central carbon, an amino group, carboxyl group, and an R group

Question 26

How are amino acids linked

Answer 26

Peptide bonds

Question 27

Primary structure

Answer 27

Proteins unique sequence of amino acids

Question 28

Secondary structure

Answer 28

Coils (alpha helix) and folds (beta pleated sheets) in a polypeptide chain

Question 29

Tertiary structure

Answer 29

Overall shape of a polypeptide Results from interactions between the R groups

Question 30

How are tertiary structures held together?

Answer 30

Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der waals interaction, and disulfide bridge

Question 31

Quaternary structure

Answer 31

Two or more polypeptide chains forming one macromolecule

Question 32

Chaperonins

Answer 32

Protein molecules assisting the proper folding of other proteins

Question 33

Gene

Answer 33

Unit of inheritance Programs amino acid sequence Consists of DNA

Question 34

Nucleic acid

Answer 34

Polymer made of up of nucleotides

Question 35

DNA role- 2

Answer 35

Provides directions for its replication Directs synthesis of messenger RNA- controls protein synthesis

Question 36

Gene expression

Answer 36

Expressing gene on a synthesized protein

Question 37

What is the central dogma of biology

Answer 37

Information transfer from genes to proteins

Question 38

Genes to proteins 1

Answer 38

Each gene on a DNA directs synthesis of an mRNA mRNA interacts with ribosomes to direct production of a polypeptide

Question 39

Flow of genetic information

Answer 39

DNA - RNA - Protein

Question 40

Polynucleotides

Answer 40

Polymers of nice if acid Mande of monomers called nucleotide

Question 41

What do Nucleotides consist of?

Answer 41

A nitrogenous base (guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine or uracil) pentode sugar, and 1+ phosphate group

Question 42

Nucleoside

Answer 42

Nucleotide without the phosphate group

Question 43

Pyramidines

Answer 43

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil Single six remembered ring

Question 44

Purines

Answer 44

Adenine and Guanine Six membered ring fused to a five member Ed ring

Question 45

Sugars in nucleotides

Answer 45

DNA- deoxyribose RNA- ribose

Question 46

How are nucleotides linked together?

Answer 46

Phosphodiester linkage

Question 47

DNA structure- 2

Answer 47

Forms a double helix, with backbone running opposite 5-3 directions forming anti parallel arrangement

Question 48

Complementary base

Answer 48

Adenine- thymine/ uracil Guanine- cytosine