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BI157 > Chapter 6.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 6.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are light microscopes?

A

Microscopes that passes visible light through a specimen, refracting the light

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2
Q

What are the important parameters of microscopy? 3

A

Magnification- ratio of image to real size
Resolution- measure of clarity in an image
Contrast- difference in brightness between sample and background

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3
Q

What are light micrographs

A

Images obtained with light microscopes

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4
Q

Brightfield microscopy

A

Formed by transmitting light through a cell

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5
Q

Darkfield microscopy

A

Rays of light or directed from the side on the light scattered by the specimen enters the lenses

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6
Q

Phase contrast, microscopy

A

Variations and density causes differences in the way various regions of the cytoplasm refract light 

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7
Q

Electron microscope

A

Using electron beams consisting of energize electrons

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8
Q

What domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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9
Q

What domains consist of eukaryotic cell

A

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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10
Q

What do all cells have? 4

A

A plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes

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11
Q

What do prokaryotic cells have? 4

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called a nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm down by the plasma membrane

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12
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have?

A

DNA in the nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane bound, organelle
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma, membrane and nucleus

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13
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste to service the volume of every cell

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14
Q

Why are cells sizes limited?

A

The metabolic requirement set upper limits
The surface area to volume ratio

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15
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Contains most of the cells of genes

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16
Q

What is a nuclear envelope?

A

A layer that encloses the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is a nuclear lamina?

A

Aligning on the inner side of the envelope, composed of proteins, and maintains the shape of a nucleus

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18
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Units of DNA in the nucleus
Composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins

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19
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

The DNA and proteins of chromosomes together
They condense to form discreet chromosomes as a cell prepares to divide

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20
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Located within the nucleus, the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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21
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Made of rRNA and protein carries out proteins synthesis in the cytosol, and on the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What does the Endo membrane system consist of? 6

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

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23
Q

What are vesicles

A

Connects via transfer the Endo membrane system

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24
Q

What is the ER?

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A

Continuous with the nuclear envelope accounts for more than half of the total membrane

25
What is the difference between the smooth and the rough ER?
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes
26
What is the function of smooth ER? 4
Synthesizes lipids Metabolizes carbohydrates Detoxifies, drugs, and poisons Stores calcium ions
27
What is the function of the rough ER? 3
The bound ribosomes secretes glycoproteins Distributes transport vesicles Membrane factory for the cell
28
What is the Golgi apparatus?
Flatten, membranous, sac, called cisternae
29
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? 3
Modifies products of the ER Manufactures certain macromolecules Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
30
What is a lysosome and how is it made?
A membrane, a sack of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules They are made and the rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi
31
 What is phagocytosis?
A cell engulfing another cell
32
What is autophagy
When lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cells on organelles and macromolecules
33
What are vacuoles
Large vesicles derive from the ER and Golgi apparatus
34
What are the three types of vacuoles
Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis Contractile, vacuoles pump, excess water out of cells Central vacuoles hold organic compounds and water
35
What is the mitochondria?
Site of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen and organic molecules to generate ATP
36
What are chloroplasts
Found in plants and algae, or the site of photosynthesis converts and carbon dioxide into organic molecules and releasing oxygen using energy from sunlight
37
How is the mitochondria and chloroplast similar? 3
They are enveloped by double membrane Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules And grow and reproduce summer independently in cells
38
What is the Endo symbiont theory?
An early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen using none photo synthetic prokaryotic cell The engulfed cell evolved into mitochondria
39
What does the mitochondria consist of?
A smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folding into cristae Cristae provides a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP Inner membrane consist of two compartments - inter-membrane space, and mitochondrial matrix Cellular respiration are catalyze in the mitochondrial matrix
40
What is the role of chloroplasts?
Contain the green pigment chlorophyll as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis
41
What does the chloroplast structure include?
Thlyakoids- membranous sacs stacked to form granum Stroma the internal fluid
42
What are peroxisome 2
Specialized metabolic compartment Produces hydrogen peroxide, and converted to water
43
What is the cytoskeleton?
Networker fibers, extending throughout the cytoplasm Organize a cell structures and activities and cream many organelles
44
What is a cytoskeleton made of 3
Microtubules- thickest component Microfilaments - thinnest component, also known as actin filament Intermediate filaments- fibers
45
What does the cytoskeleton do?
Support the cell and maintains its shape Interaction motor proteins to produce motility of the cell itself 
46
What is the function of microtubules? 3
Shaping the cell Guiding movement of organelles Separating chromosomes during cell division
47
What is the centrosomes
Where microtubules grow out of Consist of a pair of centrioles each with nine triplets of microtubules are arranged in a ring
48
What is the structure of cilia and flagella
A core of microtubules sheathed by the plasma membrane A basal body that anchors A motor proteins called dynein
49
What is the role of microfilaments? 3
To bear tension Form a 3-D network called the cortex The core of microvilli
50
What is myosin?
Proteins in microfilament the function in cellular motility
51
 What is the role of intermediate filaments? 2
Support cell shape and fix organelles in place The most permanent cytoskeleton fixtures
52
What is the cell wall? 2
Protects the plant cell, maintain its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water Made of cellulose fibers
53
What are the layers of the cell wall?
Primary cell wall- thin and flexible Middle lamella- send Larry between primary walls of adjacent cells Secondary cell wall - between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
54
What is plasmodesmata
Channels between adjacent plant cells
55
What is in the extracellular matrix?
Glycoproteins, such as collagen, proteoglycans and fibronectin’s
56
What are integrins
Receptor proteins that the extracellular matrix proteins bind to on the plasma membrane
57
What is a tight junction?
Membranes of neighboring cells pressed together, preventing leakage of extra cellular fluid
58
What are desmosomes
Anchoring junctions fastening cells together into Strongs sheets
59
What are gap junctions?
Provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

BI157 (21 decks)

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