Chapter 9 Flashcards

(57 cards)

1
Q

What is fermentation?

A

partial degradation of sugars and other organic fuel without oxygen

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2
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

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3
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Organic compound + H2O = CO2 +H2O + Energy

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4
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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5
Q

What is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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6
Q

What is a reducing agent? (2)

A

electron donor

gets oxidized

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7
Q

What is an oxidizing agent? (2)

A

Electron acceptor

gets reduced

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8
Q

how does electronegativity and energy correlate?

A

The more electronegative an atom is, the more energy required to take an electron away from it

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9
Q

What is NAD+? (3)

A

a coenzyme that cycles between an oxidized state and a reduced state (NADH)

Receives 2 e- and 1 proton from glucose

stored energy in NADH is used to make ATP

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10
Q

What is dehydrogenases?

A

Enzyme that removes e- and protons from glucose and delivers to NAD+

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11
Q

What is the electron transport chain? (2)

A

number of molecules built into the membrane of mitochondria

e- in NADH is shuttled from the top (high energy) to the bottom (low energy) to form water

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12
Q

What is the electron route in cellular respiration?

A

Glucose > NADH> Electron transport chain> oxygen

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13
Q

What happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

enters the mitochondria and is oxidized to a compound called acetyl CoA, entering the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

What happens to the energy released in the ETC?

A

it is stored in the mitochondria to make ATP

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15
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis using electron transport chain

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16
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation? (2)

A

ATP formed directly during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

occurs when an enzyme transfers a P group from a substrate molecule to ADP

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17
Q

Steps in glycolysis (3)

A
  1. glucose is split from a six carbon sugar into 2 three carbon sugars

these sugars are oxidized

Remaining molecules rearrange to form pyruvate

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18
Q

What is the energy investment phase in glycolysis?

A

where the cell spends ATP

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19
Q

What is the energy payoff phase in ATP?

A

when ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation; NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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20
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2NADH, and 2 pyruvate

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21
Q

How is pyruvate oxidized?

A

In the presence of O2 after glycolysis, pyruvate enters mitochondria through active transport

it is then converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme

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22
Q

What three reactions does the oxidation of pyruvate catalyze?

A
  1. Pyruvated carboxyl group is removed and given off as CO2
  2. Remaining 2 C fragment is oxidized to form acetate
    - extracted e- is transferred to NAD+ to form NADH
  3. CoA, a sulfur-containing compound from vitamin B is attached via its sulfur atom to the acetate from acetyl CoA
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23
Q

What occurs in the citric acid cycle? (5)

A

oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate

pyruvate is broken down into 3 CO2 molecules

generates 1 ATP per turn

The majority of the energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD to form NADH and FADH2

takes two cycles to break down one glucose/ 2 Acetyl CoA molecules

24
Q

Product of citric acid cycle

A

Two cycles result in 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

25
What does the ETC do, and what does it consist of? (3)
Make it easier for electrons to fall from food to oxygen Consists mostly of proteins, named multiprotein comple 1-4 Each complex becomes reduced when accepting e- and oxidized when passing down
26
What are prosthetic groups? (2)
Tightly bound between proteins in ETC Act as nonprotein components essential for the catalytic function of certain enzyme
27
What occurs in Complex 1? (3)
e- from NADH is transferred to the first molecule- flavoprotein passed to iron-sulfur protein passed to ubiquinone
28
What is ubiquinone?
Hydrophobic molecule that is the only nonprotein
29
what are cytochromes?
protein that make up majority of the ETC between ubiquinone and oxygen
30
why the prosthetic group is attached to cytochromes
heme group that possess an iron atom that accepts electrons
31
what is Cyt A3?
the last cytochrome in the chain passes the e- to oxygen
32
What does oxygen do at the end of ETC?
takes a pair of H+ from the solution and forms water
33
Where does the e- come from in the beginning of the ETC? (3)
At complex 1, NADH at complex 2, FADH2 FADH2 provides less energy for ATP synthesis
34
what is chemiosmosis?
process which energy in the form of H+ gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work
35
What is ATP synthase? (3)
enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and P group found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria uses the energy of an existing ion gradient of H+
36
What are the steps of chemiosmosis? (5)
1. H+ moves down the gradient through a channel in a stator 3. H+ enters binding sites within a rotor, changing its shape and spins 4. spinning causes the internal rod to spin 5. catalytic sites activate, producing ATP
37
How does the ETC maintain a e- gradient?
Portions of the ETC releases protons along with electrons
38
proton motive force
continuously deposited H+ from the ETC to maintain an H+ gradient in the cytoplasm
39
How does energy flow during respiration?
Glucose > NADH > ETC> Proton motive Force> ATP
40
What is the result of oxidative phosphorylation?
26-28 ATP
41
Why is the exact result of oxidative phosphorylation unknown? (3)
1. the ratio of NADH molecules to ATP is not a whole number 2. ATP yields depend on the type of shuttle used to transport electrons from the cytosol into the mitochondria 3. The proton motive forced generated by the redox reactions of respiration is also used to drive other kinds of work
42
How effective is cellular respiration? (2)
34% effective rest is lost as heat
43
What are ways cells can oxidize fuel to generate ATP without oxygen?
anaerobic respiration and fermentation
44
Anaerobic respiration vs fermentation
Anaerobic respiration uses ETC, while fermentation does not
45
Anaerobic respiration ETC
the final electron acceptor is sulfate, producing hydrogen sulfide
46
what is fermentation?
extension of glycolysis, continuous generation of ATP through glycolysis requires a sufficient supply of NAD+ to accept electrons Electron is transferred from NADH to pyruvate
47
what is alcohol fermentation? (4)
pyruvate is converted to ethanol releases CO2 from pyruvate pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol, producing NAD+
48
What is lactic acid fermentation? (4)
pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form Lactate no CO2 is released used by muscle cells to make ATP when oxygen is scarce excess lactate causes pain
49
Fermentation vs cellular respiration (3)
in fermentation, the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule like pyruvate or acetaldehyde, yielding 2 ATP. the remaining energy in the molecule is unavailable in cellular respiration, electrons are transferred to the ETC, and the energy from pyruvate is fully oxidized
50
what are obligate anaerobes? (2)
carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration cannot survive in oxygen
51
What are facultative anaerobes?
can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration
52
What is deamination?
removal of amino groups from an amino acid to be used in glycolysis
53
what is beta oxidation?
breaking fatty acids down to two carbon fragments to enter the citric acid cycle
54
How does the body make amino acids?
modifying compounds siphoned away from the citric acid cycle
55
What are essential amino acids?
acids that cannot be made by the boddy
56
How is glucose made in the body?
from pyruvate
57
How is fatty acid made in the body?
from Acetyl CoA