Chapter 5.1 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Cross-sectional study
compares groups of individuals of different ages at the same time.
Longitudinal study
Follows a single group of individuals as they develop
Selective attrition
Is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study
Sequential design
A researcher starts with people of different ages and studies them again at later times.
Cohort
is a group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time (People of different generations differ in many ways, called covert effect.s)
Zygote
A fertilized egg cell
Fetus
About 8 weeks after conception
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
a condition marked by malformations of the face, heart, and ears; and nerve us system damage, including seizures, hyperactivity and impairments of learning, memory, problem solving, attention, and motor coordination
Habituation
is decreased response to a repeated stimulus.
Dishabituation
When a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response.
Schema
is an organized way of interacting with objects
Assimilation
applying an old schema to new objects or problems. For example when a child sees animals move and then sees the sun and moon move, the child may assume that the sun and moon are alive
Accommodation
modifying an old schema to fit a new object or problem. For example a child ma learn “only living things move on their own” is a rule with exceptions and that the sun and moon are not alive.
Equilibration
is the establishment of harmony or balance between assimilation and accommodation, according to Piaget equilibration is the key to intellectual growth.
Sensorimotor stage
at this early age (the first 1 n half to 2 years) behavior is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli for example the grasp reflex and the sucking reflex.
Preoperational stage
the child lacks Operations - which are reversible mental processes. For a boy to understand that his brother has a brother, he must be able to reverse the concept of having a brother
Egocentric
A child sees the world as centered around himself or herself and cannot easily take another person’s perspective
Theory of mind
Which is an understanding that other people have a mind, too and that each person knows some things that other people don’t know.
Conservation ( of volume )
They fail to understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the objects.
Stage of Concrete Operations
Children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas. For example ask this questions; How could you move a mountain of whipped cream from onside of the city to the other?” older children enjoy devising imaginative answers, but children in the concrete operation stage complain that the question is silly.
Stage of formal operations
adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic planning.
Zone of proximal development
the distance between what a child can do alone and what is possible with help
Object Permanence
The idea that objects continue to exist even when we do not see or hear them.
