Chapter 6.2 - 6.3 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Learning Curve
Is a graph of the changes in behavior that occur over the course of learning.
Reinforcement
The process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response.
Law of Effect
Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more like to recur.
Operant Conditioning
(The subject operates on the environment to produce an outcome) ‘Instrumental Conditioning’ is the process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after a response. ( The subjects behavior produces an outcome that affects future behavior. )
Visceral Responses
(Response of the internal Organs) such as salivation and digestion. ( Classical condition applies mostly to)
Skeletal Responses
(Movement of leg muscles, arm muscles) (Operant conditioning mainly applies)
Disequilibrium Principle
Anything that prevents an activity produces disequilibrium, and an opportunity to return to equilibrium will be reinforcing.
Primary Reinforcers
(Unconditioned reinforcers) Are reinforcing because of their own properties.
Secondary Reinforcers
(Conditioned reinforcers) that become reinforcing by association with something else.
Punishment
Decreases the probability of a response.
Positive Reinforcement
Presenting something such as food, rewarding the behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Avoiding something such as pain. (Taking something away)
Extinction
Occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements.
Stimulus Generalization
The more similar a new stimulus is to the original reinforces stimulus, the more likely is the same response.
Discrimination
If reinforcement occurs for responding to one stimulus and not another.
Discriminative
A stimulus that indicates which response is appropriate or inappropriate.
Stimulus Control
The ability of a stimulus to encourage some responses and discourage others.
Shaping
For establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations to it.
Chaining
Reinforcing each one with the opportunity to engage in the next one.
Continuous Reinforcement
Provide reinforcement for every correct response
Intermittent Reinforcement
Reinforcement for some responses and not for otherse
Schedules of Reinforcement
Rules for the delivery of reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Provides reinforcement only after a certain (Fixed) number of correct responses.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Similar to a fixed ratio schedule, except that reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses.
