Chapter 6

Question 1

What is a research problem?

Answer 1

enigmatic or troubling condition. The goal is to find a solution or to contribute to finding a solution.

Question 2

What is a problem statement?

Answer 2

describes the problem and an argument or reason for why the study is needed.

Question 3

What is a research statement of purpose?

Answer 3

summary of an overall goal and will use the words aim or objective

Question 4

What are research questions?

Answer 4

the specific queries researchers want to answer.

Question 5

What are hypotheses

Answer 5

predictions researchers make about the study and its outcome

Question 6

What are the 6 components of the problem statement in a QUANTITATIVE article?

Answer 6

Problem identification
Background
Scope of the problem
Consequences of the problem
Knowledge gaps
Proposed solution

IBS CKS

Question 7

Problem identification:

Answer 7

what is wrong with the current situation?

Question 8

Background:

Answer 8

What is the nature of the problem, or the context of the situation, that readers need to understand?

Question 9

Scope of the problem:

Answer 9

How big a problem is it, and how many people are affected?

Question 10

Consequence of the problem:

Answer 10

What is the cost of not fixing the problem?

Question 11

Knowledge gaps:

Answer 11

What information about the problem is lacking?

Question 12

Proposed solution:

Answer 12

How will the new study contribute to the solution of the problem?

Question 13

What is the problem statement for QUALITATIVE study?

Answer 13

express the nature of the problem, its context, its scope, and information needed to address it.

Question 14

What does PICO stand for

Answer 14

P = patient or population
I = intervention or exposure
C = comparison or current practice
O = outcome

Question 15

Quantitative research questions include what 2 things?

Answer 15

PICO and Variables

Question 16

Qualitative studies could have what 3 things in the research question?

Answer 16

Grounded theory focuses on process.
Phenomenology focuses on meaning.
Ethnography ask descriptive questions about culture.

ex: “What do nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic do on a day-to-day basis to address less clinical time?”
“What is the meaning of in-person clinical experiences for a nursing student during the COVID-19 pandemic?

Question 17

Some quantitative studies focus on _____ rather than direct relationships.

Answer 17

trends

The text gives an example: What is the frequency with which nurses use humor as a complimentary therapy with hospitalized cancer patients?

Question 18

Usually, the hypothesis is based on something……

can hypothesis be wrong?

Answer 18

from previous literature to increase the likelihood the hypothesis is correct.

• There is a chance a hypothesis can be wrong though, and the researcher needs to investigate what in the study could explain the discrepancy.

Question 19

What kind of statements do hypotheses make?

Answer 19

relational statements.

-The intervention needs to directly relate to the outcome in a hypothesis.

Question 20

What is a directional hypothesis?

Answer 20

• will specify the direction between variables in a hypothesis.
• Words like increase, decrease, more likely, and less likely are examples of what you may see to indicate a directional relationship.

Question 21

What is a nondirectional hypothesis?

Answer 21

-does not specify a specific change between variables, rather that a relationship merely exists.

Question 22

What is a research hypothesis?

Answer 22

a statement of expected relationships between variables. This includes directional and nondirectional hypotheses.

Question 23

What is a null hypothesis? What is it important for?

Answer 23

he reverse of the hypothesis, or that there is not a relationship between the two variables.

-The null hypothesis is important for inferences made with statistical tests.

Question 24

4 types of hypothesis

Answer 24

directional
nondirectional
research
null

Question 25

What factors do we look at to see if a hypothesis is good?

Answer 25

statistical analysis PValue Supported rather than proven

Question 26

what is a good P value?

Answer 26

- < 0.05 indicates that the results can be replicated in a new sample 95% or more of the time. - This type of statistic would support the hypothesis.

Question 27

A hypothesis is never ______ but rather _____

Answer 27

proven, supported A hypothesis is never proven, but rather supported.

Question 28

what is the best support for a hypothesis?

Answer 28

to conduct multiple studies on the same hypothesis and get statistical results that support it from each study.

Question 29

whats better- multiple trials with p value .004 or 1 trial with p value .001

Answer 29

multiple with .004 but the one with more studies is more supported by research.

Question 30

A study aims to determine if follow-up phone calls after discharge will reduce the incidence of readmissions related to congestive heart failure within 30 days. What is the research problem? A) follow-up phone calls B) readmissions within 30 days C) discharge process D) congestive heart failure disease process

Answer 30

Answer: B, readmissions within 30 days Follow-up phone calls are the suggested intervention or independent variable. The discharge process is not being examined. Congestive heart failure is the reason for readmissions, but the disease process is not the problem. The problem are readmissions that occur within 30 days of discharge. Medicare imposes a penalty on the hospital that discharges a patient for congestive heart failure if they are readmitted within 30 days.

Question 31

``` Which type of research design would use a research question to find the meaning in something? A) Clinical trial B) Ethnographic C) Phenomenological D) Grounded Theory ```

Answer 31

Answer: C, phenomenological Phenomenological studies investigate the meaning of a lived experience. Grounded theory focuses on process. Ethnography ask descriptive questions about culture. A clinical trial is a type of quantitative article and would focus on the relationship between two variables.

Question 32

``` Which of the following are components of the Problem Statement? (Select all that apply). A) Background B) Scope of the problem C) Knowledge gaps D) Null hypothesis ```

Answer 32

Answer: A, B, C. The elements of a problem statement include: Problem identification, Background, Scope of the problem, Consequences of the problem, Knowledge gaps, and Proposed solution.

Question 33

``` Which type of hypothesis reflects the absence of a relationship between two variables? A) Research B) Directional C) Nondirectional D) Null ```

Answer 33

Answer: D, Null The null hypothesis states there is no relationship between the variables being examined. It is used for statistical inferences.

Question 34

``` What p value would suggest that the hypothesis is not supported? A) 0.01 B) 0.02 C) 0.04 D) 0.07 ```

Answer 34

Answer D: 0.07 The goal for a P value is < 0.05. This value demonstrates the probability that the same design of a study can be used with a new sample to get similar results. A higher p value indicates less of a chance the results can be duplicated. While 0.07 is not a high number, it is the highest one and above the 0.05 threshold.