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Care and Prevention of Injuries > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

How does environmental stress effect performance?

A

can adversely impact performance and pose serious health threats

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2
Q

What are the environmental areas of concern?

A

Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Altitude
Exposure to the sun
Lightning storms
Air pollution
Circadian dysrhythmia

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3
Q

What causes hyperthermia?

A

heat stress

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4
Q

Who is most susceptible to heat stress?

A

Young athletes and the elderly

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5
Q

When can heat stress occur in the cold?

A

Heat stress can also be a factor when competing in the cold if heat dissipation is limited and dehydration occurs

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6
Q

Metabolic heat production

A

Normal metabolic function results in production of heat (will increase with intensity of exercise)

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7
Q

Conductive heat exchange

A

Physical contact with objects will result in heat loss or gain

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8
Q

Convective heat exchange

A

Body heat can be lost or gained depending on temperature of circulating medium

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9
Q

Radiant heat exchange

A

Radiant heat from sunshine will cause increase in temperature

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10
Q

Evaporative heat loss

A

Sweat glands allow transport of water to surface

Evaporation of water removes heat

When radiant heat and environment temperature are higher than body temperature, loss of heat through evaporation is key

Lose 1 quart of water per hour for up to 2 hours

Air must be relatively water free for evaporation to occur

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11
Q

Relative humidity of
65% =

A

impairs evaporation

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12
Q

Relative humidity of
75% =

A

stops evaporation

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13
Q

Hydration recommendations for athletes

A

17–20 fluid ounces of water or sports drink 2–3 hours prior to activity and an additional 7–10 fluid ounces 10–20 minutes before exercise

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14
Q

Dehydration

A

Mild dehydration occurs when 2% of body weight is lost in fluid

Will impair cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses

Must move individual to cool environment and begin rehydration

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15
Q

Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement

A

Body requires 2.5L of water daily when engaged in minimal activity

Adult will typically lose ~1.5L per hour

1–2% drop in body weight (due to dehydration) results in thirst

If thirst is ignored, dehydration results in:
- Nausea, vomiting, fainting, and increased risk for heat illness

  • only 50% of fluid is ever replaced and should therefore be replaced before, during, and after exercise
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16
Q

Using sports drinks

A

More effective than just replacing fluids with water

Flavoring results in increased desire to consume

Replaces fluids and electrolytes

Small amounts of sodium help in retention of water

Optimal carbohydrate level is 14g per 8 ounces of water

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17
Q

Gradual Acclimatization

A

Most effective method of avoiding heat stress

Involves becoming accustomed to heat and exercising in heat

Early pre-season training and graded intensity changes are recommended with progressive exposure over 7-day period

80% of acclimatization can be achieved during first 5–6 days with two–hour morning and afternoon practice sessions

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18
Q

Heat Stress: Susceptible Individuals

A

Athletes with large muscle mass

Overweight athletes (Due to increased metabolic rate)

Death from heat stroke increases 4:1 as body weight increases

Women are physiologically more efficient with regard to body temperature regulation

Others that are susceptible include those with poor fitness, history of heat illness, or febrile condition, the young, and the elderly

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19
Q

Weight Records

A

Keep track of before and after measures for first two weeks

If increase in temperature and humidity occurs during the season, weights should again be recorded

Greater than 2% loss of body weight could be a health threat and should be removed from practice until normal weight is achieved

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20
Q

Wetbulb globe temperature index (WBGT)

A

provides objective measure for determining precautions concerning participation in hot

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21
Q

What are the different WGBT thermometer readings?

A

Dry bulb
Wet bulb
Black bulb

  • Formula yields WBGT index
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22
Q

Dry bulb

A

standard mercury temperature

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23
Q

Wet bulb

A

thermometer with wet gauze that is swung around in air

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24
Q

Black bulb

A

black casing that measures radiant heat

25
Q

How are Dry bulb temperature (DBT) and wet bulb temperature (WBT) measured?

A

psychrometer (combines both thermometers)

26
Q

Heat Rash (Prickly Heat)

A

Benign condition associated with red, raised rash, combined with prickling and sweat

Result of continuously wet un-evaporated sweat

Continually toweling the body will prevent it

Generally localized to areas covered with clothing

27
Q

Heat Syncope (Heat collapse)

A

Associated with rapid fatigue and overexposure due to standing in heat for long periods of time

Caused by peripheral vasodilation or pooling of blood in extremities resulting in dizziness and fainting

Treated by laying down in cool environment, consuming fluids, and elevating lower extremities

28
Q

Heat Cramps

A

Painful muscle spasms (calf and abdominal) due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance

Occur in individuals in good shape that overexert themselves

Profuse sweating results in loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium)

Prevented by consuming extra fluids and maintaining electrolyte balance

Treated with fluid ingestion and light stretching with ice massage

29
Q

Exertional Heat Exhaustion

A

Result of inadequate fluid replacement

Inability to sustain adequate cardiac output

30
Q

Exertional Heat Exhaustion

A

Result of inadequate fluid replacement

Inability to sustain adequate cardiac output

May develop heat cramps or become faint/dizzy

Core/rectal temperature will be <105°

Performance may decrease

31
Q

Exertional Heat Exhaustion treatment

A

Fluid ingestion (intravenous replacement, ultimately)

Place in cool environment

Remove excess clothing

32
Q

Exertional Heatstroke

A

Serious life-threatening condition with unknown specific cause

Characterized by sudden onset - sudden collapse, LOC, CNS dysfunction, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong rapid pulse, and core temperature of > 105°F

Breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanism

Drastic measures must be taken to cool athlete

Athlete should avoid exercise for a minimum of one week and gradually return to full practice

Must be asymptomatic and cleared by physician

Death may result if not treated appropriately

33
Q

Malignant Hyperthermia

A

Muscle disorder causing hypersensitivity to anesthesia and heat

Similar signs and symptoms to heatstroke -

Muscle biopsy is needed to detect

Athlete will complain of muscle pain after exercise

Temperature will remain elevated for 10–15 minutes following exercise

Athletes with this condition should be disqualified from competition in hot and humid environments

34
Q

Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Sudden catabolic destruction and degeneration of skeletal muscle (myoglobin and enzyme leakage into vascular system)

Occurs during intense exercise in heat and humidity resulting in:

Associated with individuals that have sickle-cell trait

35
Q

Exertional Hyponatremia

A

Fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low concentration of sodium in blood

Caused by ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise

May be result of too little sodium in diet or to much ingested fluids over a period of prolonged exercise

Athletes who ingest large quantities of water and who sweat over several hours are at risk (marathon and triathlon)

If levels can not be determined on-site, measures to rehydrate should be delayed and the athlete should be transported to a medical facility

36
Q

Hypothermia

A

Most activity allows for adequate heat production (increased metabolism) and dissipation, allowing for sufficient functioning

Temperature in conjunction with wind, chillness, and dampness or wetness can increase chances of hypothermia

Problems arise when heat lost exceeds heat production generated by metabolism

Drop in core stimulates shivering but stops after temperature drops below 85–90oF

37
Q

When does hypothermia lead to death

A

Death is imminent when temperature falls below 77–85oF

38
Q

Where is Heat loss?

A
  • 65% of body heat lost through radiation
  • 50% through head and neck
  • 20% through evaporation
    2/3 through skin and 1/3 through respiration
39
Q

How can localized cooling result in tissue damage?

A

Formation of ice crystals between cells destroys cells, disrupts blood flow, and clotting may occur

40
Q

Frost nip

A

Involves, ears, nose, chin, fingers, and toes

Occurs with high wind and/or severe cold

Skin appears firm with cold, painless areas that may peel and blister (24–72 hours)

Treat with firm pressure, blow warm air, or place hands in armpits (if fingers are involved)

Do not rub

41
Q

Frostbite

A

Chilblains result from prolonged exposure causing redness and swelling and tingling pain in toes and fingers

Due to poor peripheral circulation

Superficial frostbite involves only skin and subcutaneous tissue

Appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy

When re-warming the area will feel numb, then sting, and burn

It may blister and be painful for several weeks

Gradual re-warming is necessary (100– 110°F)

42
Q

Altitude Sickness

A

Most events do not occur at extreme heights

As height increases, maximum oxygen uptake decreases resulting in a decrease in performance

Body compensates through tachycardia and hyperventilation

Responses are a result of having fewer red blood cells than necessary to adequately capture available oxygen

43
Q

Acute mountain sickness

A

1 out of 3 will experience when making the jump from 7000–8000 feet

Experience headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, and dyspnea

Caused by brain disruption associated with sodium-potassium imbalance resulting in fluid retention and cellular pressure changes

44
Q

Altitude pulmonary edema

A

Occurs at 9000–10,000 feet

Lungs accumulate fluid in alveolar walls forming pulmonary edema

Signs and symptoms - Dyspnea, cough, headache, weakness, and occasionally unconsciousness

Treat by moving athlete to lower altitude and providing oxygen

45
Q

High altitude cerebral edema (HACE)

A

Usually occurs in conjunction with other life- threatening conditions that can lead to coma or death

Occurs in ~1% of people adjusting to altitudes above 9,000 feet

Result of increased cerebral edema due to increased cerebral blood flow, which is caused by increased permeability of cerebral endothelium when exposed to hypoxia

Descent to lower altitudes may save those with HACE

46
Q

Sickle cell trait reaction

A

8–10% of African Americans have sickle-cell trait

In most, the trait is benign

Abnormality in red blood cell’s hemoglobin structure

When hemoglobin is deoxygenated, cells clump together causing red blood cell to develop sickle shape making it easy to destroy

Causes enlarged spleen and could rupture at high altitudes

47
Q

True or False: 60–80% of sun exposure occurs after the age of 20

A

False

48
Q

NATA and National Weather Service lightening recommendation

A

recommend returning to the field 30 minutes following the last clap of thunder or lightning strike

49
Q

Lightning detector

A

Handheld instrument

Able to detect storm occurring within 40 miles

Allows you to know level of activity and direction

When it detects a lightning stroke, it emits an audible warning tone

Inexpensive alternative to setting up contract with weather service

50
Q

What are the two types of air pollution?

A

Photochemical haze and Smog

51
Q

Photochemical haze

A

Nitrogen dioxide and stagnant air acted on by sunlight to produce ozone

52
Q

Smog

A

Combination of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter

53
Q

Ozone

A

Formed by the action of sunlight on carbon-based chemicals (hydrocarbons) in combination with nitrogen dioxides

Higher intensity will have a negative effect on work output

Asthmatics are at greater risk

May become desensitized over time

54
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide

A

Produced through combustion (automobiles, power plants, home heaters and gas stoves)

Factor in atmospheric reaction to generate ozone and acid rain

55
Q

Sulfur Dioxide

A

Colorless gas that is a component of burning coal or petroleum

Causes increased resistance to air movement in and out of the lungs, decreased ability of lungs to rid themselves of foreign matter, shortness of breath, coughing, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to lung diseases

Adverse effects mostly on asthmatics

Nose breathing lessens the effects due to filtering of nasal mucosa

56
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Colorless, odorless gas

Reduces hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen and restricts release of oxygen to the tissue

Interferes with performance, and various psychomotor, behavioral, and attention-related activities

57
Q

Particulate Matter

A

Solids found in atmosphere (dust, pollen, molds, ashes, soot, aerosol)

Generated through wood burning, factory smokestacks, mining, and construction

Small enough to be inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream or remain imbedded

Exposure to this matter may trigger respiratory issues

58
Q

Circadian Dysrhythmia (Jet Lag)

A

Desynchronization of biological and biophysical time clock

Body maintains cyclical mechanisms over 24-hour periods (circadian rhythms)

Jet lag refers to physical and mental effects caused by traveling rapidly across time zones

Disrupts circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles

59
Q

How does the body adapt to Circadian Dysrhythmia (Jet Lag)?

A

Body adapts over time to changes
- Immediately (Protein metabolism)
- Over 8 days (Body temperature)
- Three weeks (Adrenal hormones)

Care and Prevention of Injuries (7 decks)

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