Chapter 6

Question 1

What are the physical functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

Support and protection

Question 2

What are the metabolic function in the skeletal system?

Answer 2

Blood formation in marrow
acid base balance
detoxification
electrolyte balance

Question 3

What do these metabolic functions do in the skeletal system Blood formation in marrow, acid base balance, detoxification, electrolyte balance?

Answer 3

• Blood formation in marrow (bones house bone marrow tissue which produces most of the blood cells)
  
  • Acid-base balance (bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes)
  • Detoxification (bone absorbs heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood
• Electrolyte balance (it stores calcium and phosphate and releases them in the body)

Question 4

What is mineralization?

Answer 4

Process of hardening

Question 5

What is calcification?

Answer 5

Deposition of calcium salts

Question 6

What does the skeletal system consist of?

Answer 6

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilage

Question 7

Protein fibers = ??
&
Ground substance = ??

Answer 7

Protein fibers = organic matter
&
Ground substance = inorganic matter

Question 8

Where are long bones located?

Answer 8

Bones in the superior and inferior limbs

Question 9

What bones are short bones located?

Answer 9

Metacarpal and metatarsal bones

Question 10

What bones are flat bones?

Answer 10

Scapula, clavicle, cranial, and sternum, and ribs

Question 11

What bones are irregular shaped bones?

Answer 11

Vertebrae and sacrum

Question 12

Define epiphysis

Answer 12

End of a long bone

Question 13

Define diaphysis

Answer 13

Body or shaft of a long bone

Question 14

Define perforating fibers

Answer 14

Fibers that anchor periosteum to the bone

Question 15

What is at the end of each bone?

Answer 15

hyaline cartilage

Question 16

Define metaphysis

Answer 16

Is the part of the diaphysis that is part of the growing long bone

Question 17

Define nutrient foramen

Answer 17

• The external opening of each nutrient canal

Question 18

Define nutrient canal or perforating canal

Answer 18

Vascular channels that penetrate the compact bone tissue surrounding the medullary cavity

Question 19

What is an epiphysis plate?

Answer 19

Is the growth plate

Question 20

What is the epiphyseal line?

Answer 20

Where the bone has stopped growing

Question 21

What are osteogenic cells?

Answer 21

Stem cells found in the endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

Question 22

What are concentric lamellae?

Answer 22

Layers of matrix arranged around the central canal

Question 23

What is the central canal?

Answer 23

Neurovascular channel surrounded by a concentric lamellae

Question 24

What are osteons?

Answer 24

The basic structural unit or functional subunit of compact bone

Question 25

What are perforating canals?

Answer 25

perpendicular passages which join central canals

Question 26

What are circumferential lamellae?

Answer 26

- Lamellae that surround and line the outer surface of a long bone

Question 27

What are interstitial lamellae?

Answer 27

Remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew

Question 28

Where are lacunae located? What are they connected by?

Answer 28

Are between adjacent layers of matrix and are connected with each other by canaliculi

Question 29

What are osteoblasts that are in lacunae called?

Answer 29

osteocytes

Question 30

Define compact bones

Answer 30

- Forms the outer shell of the bone and forms the majority of the bone

Question 31

Define spongy bone

Answer 31

They contain spicules and trabeculae and are porous appearance

Question 32

What is the spongy layer of the cranium called?

Answer 32

The diploe

Question 33

What are the 2 types of bone marrow? and define them

Answer 33

- Red marrow (blood-forming tissue) - Yellow marrow (mainly fat tissue, no longer produces blood)

Question 34

What is ossification?

Answer 34

Bone formation

Question 35

What is endochondral in bone development?

Answer 35

Where Hyaline Cartilage turns to bone

Question 36

What is Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 36

Converts a soft mesenchymal sheet into a mature flat bone

Question 37

What is bone elongation?

Answer 37

The epiphyseal plates grow/lengthen and when they close a person stops growing

Question 38

What is appositional growth?

Answer 38

It increases the bones diameter and thickness

Question 39

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 39

Absorption of old bone and deposition of new bone

Question 40

What is Wolff's law of bone?

Answer 40

Bone shape is determined by mechanical stress and that bone adapts to withstand those stresses

Question 41

What are the 7 important factors for bone growth?

Answer 41

1. Calcium and phosphate 2. Vitamin A 3. Vitamin C 4. Vitamin D 5. Calcitonin 6. Growth hormone 7. Estrogen and testosterone

Question 42

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 42

maintains appropriate levels of blood calcium

Question 43

What is osteopenia?

Answer 43

Loss of bone

Question 44

What are stress fractures cause by?

Answer 44

Caused by abnormal trauma

Question 45

How do pathological factures occur?

Answer 45

Occurs in bone already weakened by disease

Question 46

How do you treat bone fractures? Define the 2 different ways

Answer 46

Closed reduction - Manipulation of fragments into their normal positions (no surgery) Open reduction - Surgical setting involving plates