Study guide exam 1 (condensed) Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels of human structures? And explain them.
A
- Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
- Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
- Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
- Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
- Cells (Smallest living unit)
- Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
- Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
- Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
2
Q
What does the Retroperitoneal mean?
A
outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity
3
Q
What are the Retroperitoneal organs?
A
kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
4
Q
What is the function of the Skeletal system
A
Support, movement, mineral storage,
5
Q
What is the function of the Muscular system
A
movement, stability, heat production, communication
6
Q
What is the function of the Nervous system
A
motor control, rapid internal communication, motor control
7
Q
What is the function of the Endocrine system
A
hormone production
8
Q
What is the function of the Circulatory system
A
distributes nutrients
9
Q
What is the function of the Lymphatic system
A
detection of pathogens, production of immune cells
10
Q
What is the function of the Respiratory system
A
absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2
11
Q
What is the function of the Digestive system
A
nutrients breakdown and absorption, metabolism
12
Q
What is the function of the Urinary system
A
elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure
13
Q
What is the function of the Integumentary system
A
Protection, water retention, produce vitamin D, thermoregulation
14
Q
What is the function of the reproductive system
A
reproductive roles like producing sperm and eggs and stuff like that
15
Q
What organs do the thoracic cavity contain?
A
Lungs, heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, the trachea, bronchi and thymus
16
Q
What organs do the abdominal cavity contain?
A
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and ureters
17
Q
What organs do the pelvic cavity contain?
A
distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
18
Q
What are the three serous membranes?
A
Peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium
19
Q
Where is the serous membrane Peritoneum located?
A
In the abdominal cavity
20
Q
Where is the serous membrane Pleura located?
A
around the lungs
21
Q
Where is the serous membrane Pericardium located?
A
around the heart
22
Q
Define the Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
A
- Has less resolution but produces 3-D images
- Does not see through the object but can view only the surface of the specimen
23
Q
Define the Light microscope (LM)
A
Limited to magnification you can see color but cannot see the plasma membrane
24
Q
Define the Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
A
- High resolution
Slices the specimen and cannot reuse the specimen
25
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are not imbedded in the lipid bi layer but are only on the outside intercellular or extracellular face
26
What are integral proteins?
they are proteins that are imbedded into the lipid bi layer
27
What are receptor proteins?
It passes the message through to the inside of the bilayer
28
What are enzyme proteins?
they break down a certain thing when it attaches to it
29
What are channel proteins?
It lets stuff through
30
What are gated channel proteins?
it opens and closes and lets certain things through
31
what are cell-identity molecules?
it identifies the things that attach to it
32
what are Tight junctions?
it links the cells together like a zipper NOTHING GETS THROUGH
33
What are desmosomes of the cell junctions?
It prevents substances from pulling a part. It DOES NOT prevent things from going through or around them. It releases mechanical stress It is like a snap on a onsie
34
What are gap junctions?
it links cells together and allow small substances to be transported between cells
35
What part of the body has the most cartilage?
The ear lobe
36
What is filtration?
Physical pressure that forces fluid through a membrane
37
What is simple diffusion?
movement from high to low concentration with no energy
38
What is osmosis?
The movement of water from a less solute concentration to a higher solute concentration
39
What is facilitated diffusion
Movement from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier protein
40
What is active transport?
Movement from low to high concentration with the use of energy and helo of a carrier protein
41
Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Alveoli/ari sacs, flat one layer of cells, diffuses O2
42
Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Kidney, Cube like one layer of cells, absorbs and secretes
43
Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the stomach/small intestine, in columns on layer of cell, has a brush border
44
Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Trachea/lungs, has goblet cells
45
Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the esophagus, female reproductive tract, and anal canal , flat two layer of cells,
46
Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Sweet gland, ovaries, and testes, Cube like two layers of cells
47
Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Bladder, can stretch
48
Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Salivary duct, pharynx, larynx, & male urethra , In columns two layers of cells
49
Define cardiac muscles
Smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus, involuntary movement and they are straited
50
Define skeletal muscles
Voluntary movement, Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations
51
Define smooth muscles
Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations, involuntary movement
52
Define muscle tissue
Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix, voluntary movement
53
Define nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals
54
What is metaplasia in different tissue types?
a change from one type of mature tissue to another CAN REVERSE
55
What is Differentiation in different tissue types?
development of a more specialized form
56
What is Dysplasia in different tissue types?
an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE
57
What is Neoplasia in different tissue types?
is the development of a tumor CANNOT REVERSE
58
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?
Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)
59
What is alopecia?
A disease that causes hair loss on the body (everywhere)
60
What is hirsutism?
A disease that causes irregular hair growth (grow a lot of hair everywhere)
61
What are the neurocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?
Fontal bone 1
parietal bone 2
temporal bone 2
occipital bone 1
sphenoid bone 1
ethmoid bone 1
62
What are the names of the viscerocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?
2 Maxillae
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Vomer
1 Mandible
63
How many cranial bones do we have?
22
64
How many neurocranium bones and viscerocranium bones do we have?
Neurocranium bones: 8
Viscerocranium bones: 14
65
How many bones does a baby have? And how many bones does an adult have?
Baby = 270
Adult = 206
66
What are myoblasts?
They are thick myofilaments (myosin), and they are thin myofilaments (actin)
67
What does tropomyosin, and troponin do in thin myofilaments (actin)?
The tropomyosin is a large strand that goes around the actin
Troponin: is attached to the tropomyosin and it binds to calcium when it is excited
68
What is the g region in thin myofilaments (actin)?
It is the part of the thin myofilament that binds to the head of the thick myofilament (myosin)
69
What are elastic filaments?
it goes through the core of each thick filament (myosin) and anchors it to the structures called the Z discs and stabilized the myofilaments
70
What is the Z disc in the I band?
It is the midline of the I band that anchors thin and elastic filaments
71
What is the H band and M line in the A band of the thick myofilament (myosin)?
H band: it is the central region of the A band that stains a little lighter due to the lack of thin myofilaments
M line: it anchors the thick filaments (myosin) together
72
What is the A band in the thick myofilaments (myosin)?
They are darker stands that alternate with the lighter I band
73
Describe where calcium goes during contraction of muscle fibers
The SR releases the calcium after getting an electrical trigger
Then it binds to the troponin and does the contraction stuff
then after the contraction is done it goes off the troponin
74
How do muscle fibers relax?
- The nerve signal stops
- The SR reabsorbs the calcium
- The troponin blocks the calcium from attaching
- And tension subsides
75
What is the difference between Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2, and Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1 fibers?
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1: Aerobic respiration and do not fatigue easily, uses oxygen to make ATP, good for endurance not good for fast twitch stuff
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2: Anaerobic ATP production is used, they fatigue quickly and more easily, good for fast twitch not endurance
76
What are the two types of muscle fibers? (all of there names)
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2
77
What is epimysium?
A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle on the outer surface
78
What is perimysium?
- Encloses each muscle fascicle
- It is a thicker CT sheath
79
What is endomysium?
- Encloses each muscle fiber or myofiber
- It is a thin sleeve of loose CT
80
What is a prime mover?
A muscle that produces the main force
81
What is synergist muscle?
A muscle that aids the prime mover
82
What is an antagonist muscle?
A muscle that opposes the prime mover
83
What is a fixator muscle?
A muscle that prevents a bone from moving
84
What is the difference between extrinsic muscles of a region and intrinsic muscles of a region?
Extrinsic: They are muscles that control a part of the body that they are not in (like an outside force)
Intrinsic: Muscles that control a part of the body that they are in
85
What is always considered the fulcrum in the body?
THE JOINTS
86
How does force relate to levers?
When the force increases the speed or distance increases NOT BOTH INCREASE
87
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a second class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end effort is on the other end and the resistance is in the middle
88
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a first class lever?
The fulcrum is in the middle and the effort and resistance is on either side
89
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a third class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end and the effort is in the middle
90
What does HA and LA = in regards to lever and force and fulcrum stuff?
HA = high power, low speed
LA= low power, high speed
91
If the MA value is less than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
Less force but more speed or distance
92
If the MA value is greater than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
More force but less speed or distance
93
What are the four main joint types?
1. Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)
2. Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)
3. Bony joints
4. Diarthrosis (synovial joints)
94
What are the sub categories of Synarthrosis (fibrous joints)?
Sutures
Syndesmosis
Gomphosis
95
WHat are the sub categories of Amphiarthrosis (cartilaginous joints)?
Synchondroses
Symphysis
96
Define sutures as a synarthroses joint
Immobile joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
97
Define syndesmosis as a synarthroses joint
has a lot of collagen fibers between the skeletal components, it gives these joints a little more mobility
98
Define gomphosis as a synarthroses joint
it is the socket that holds a tooth in place
99
Define Synchondrosis as an amphiarthroses joint
The bones are united by hyaline
100
Define symphysis as an amphiarthroses joint
the bones are united by fibrocartilage
101
What are the different structures associate with Diarthrosis (synovial joints)?
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Meniscus
Articular disc
tendon sheath
bursa
102
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons: Connection bone to muscle
Ligaments: Connects bone to bone
103
What are the ball and socket joints in the body?
Shoulder and the hip joints
104
How many planes can ball and socket joints move in? And what type are they?
ALL the planes ( X, Y, Z), and they are multiaxial
105
How do pivot joints move and what joints in the body are pivot joints?
monoaxial, PROXIMAL radioulnar
joint
106
How do saddle joints move and what joints in the body are saddle joints?
(biaxial metacarpal joints)
107
How do hinge joints move and what joints in the body are hinge joints?
(monoaxial elbow knee and finger and knuckles)
108
How do plane (gliding) joints move and what joints in the body are plane (gliding) joints?
(biaxial the carpal bones)
109
How do condylar joints move and what joints in the body are condylar joints?
Biaxial the wrist and metacarpal bones)
110
What does epithelial tissue do?
covers surface or secretes but also forms glands and is made out of epithelial cells. IT is avascular
111
Define the Sudoriferous glands (Apocrine)
A sweat gland that releases stinky sweat and the duct opens in the hair follicle rather than the skin surface. It is active during puberty. Found int he groin and armpit
112
Define the Sudoriferous glands (eccrine)
A sweat gland that cools the body by producing watery respiration on the skin. Helps with thermoregulation. Abundant in the palms and forehead
113
Define the Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that produce oil called sebum everywhere except on thick skin
114
Define the Ceruminous glands
It is a gland only int he external ear canal and it produces ear wax
115
Define the mammary gland
A gland that produces milk
116
Name the 11 Organ systems
1. Skeletal system
2. Muscular system
3. Nervous system
4. Endocrine system
5. Circulatory system
6. Lymphatic system
7. Respiratory system
8. Digestive system
9. Urinary system
10. reproductive system
11. Integumentary system
117
What are osteocytes/its functions?
old osteoblasts which become entrapped in little cavities within the matrix called Canaliculi (sit in it) mature bone cells
118
What are osteoclasts/its functions?
multinucleated giant cells that reabsorb bone tissue (tears it up) break down bone
119
What are osteogenic/its functions?
stem cells found in the endosteum and the inner layer of periosteum and within the central canals; give rise to osteoblasts
120
What are osteoblasts/its functions?
secretes fibers and ground substance (makes it) bone forming cells
121
What is the epiphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
The end of a long bone
122
What is the diaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the body or shaft of a long bone
123
What are Canaliculi?
small canals running through the bone solid matrix, hosting osteocyte's
124
What is the visceral layer of the serous membranes?
It directly attaches the organs (it covers/lines the organs)
125
What is the parietal layer of the serous membranes?
It lines the walls of the body cavity
126
Does the serous membrane pericardium have the visceral and parietal layer?
YES IT DOES
127
What are the subtypes of connective tissue?
1. fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
2. adipose tissue
3. supportive tissue
4. fluid connective tissue
128
What do fibroblasts do?
Produce fibers and ground substance
129
How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?
Dense CT- It has a lot of fibers and cells but little ground substance (not a lot of space)
Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance (space)
130
Dense and Loose CT are a part of what connective tissue subtype?
Fibroblasts
131
What is adipose tissue?
They are fat tissue cells
132
What is fluid connective tissue?
It is blood and other fluid stuff
133
What is supportive connective tissue?
It is bone tissue (hard CT)
134
What is the epidermis of the skin?
It is the epithelium of the skin (top layer), it lacks blood vessels and has many layers to it
135
What is the dermis of the skin?
It is the connective tissue of the skin and it is beneath the epidermis. It has fibroblasts and contains smooth muscle
136
What is the hypodermis of the skin?
It is areolar and adipose tissue just underneath the skin (fat). it is not a true layer of skin and it is highly vascular
137
What is the stratum corneum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Keratinized and dead tissue cells
- Stops water loss and penetration
- top layer
138
What is the stratum Lucidum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Only found in thick skin
- Cells that lack organelles
- second layer
139
What is the stratum Granulosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Consists of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
- They are stained dark
- third layer
140
What is the stratum Spinosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Several layers of keratinocytes
- The thickest layer of the epidermis
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
- fourth layer
141
What is the stratum Basale as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Deepest layer
- Only one cell thick
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
142
How many layers does thick skin have? And where is thick skin on our body?
5, on the sole of the feet, palms surface, fingers and toes
143
How many layers of skin does normal skin have?
4
144
What is a Perforating canals in a compact bone?
perpendicular passages which join central canals along their length, within osteons; contain blood vessels & nerves; also known as NUTRIENT CANALS
145
What is a Interstitial lamellae in a compact bone?
– remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself.
146
What is the metaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the part of the diaphysis that is adjacent to the epiphysis growth plate
147
What is the anulus fibrosus of the vertebral disc?
The hard outer ring that is a fibrocartilage
148
What is the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc?
The middle part of the disk that is soft and a jelly like substance
149
What is the definition of systemic anatomy?
Study of one organ system at one time
150
What is the definition of Anatomy?
Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things
151
What is the definition of Physiology?
Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure
152
What is the definition of morphology?
It is the shape or form of a structure
153
What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye
154
What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?
Observing structures under the microscope
155
What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?
Structures at the subcellular to molecular level
156
What is the definition of surface anatomy?
External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)
157
What is the definition of regional anatomy?
systems at once in that specific region
158
What is the definition of radiological anatomy?
Use of X rays
159
