Study Guide Exam 1 Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
What are the levels of human structures? And explain them.
A
- Organism (completely individual, can function on it’s own)
- Organ systems (A group of organs that do specific functions)
- Organs (composed of two or more tissue types)
- Tissues (A mass of similar cells that work together to do a specific function)
- Cells (Smallest living unit)
- Organelles (Small structures in a cell that carry out specific functions in the cell)
- Molecules (Particles of at least 2 atoms that are chemically bonded)
- Atoms ( you know this already on the slides though)
2
Q
Name the 11 Organ systems
A
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Circulatory system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- reproductive system
- Integumentary system
3
Q
What is the definition of Anatomy?
A
Anatomy is structure, The structural basis of body functions and other things
4
Q
What is the definition of Physiology?
A
Physiology is function, The function that is relevant to a specific structure
5
Q
What is the definition of morphology?
A
It is the shape or form of a structure
6
Q
What is the definition of Gross Anatomy?
A
The study of body structures visible to the naked eye
7
Q
What is the definition of Histology Anatomy?
A
Observing structures under the microscope
8
Q
What is the definition of ultrastructural anatomy?
A
Structures at the subcellular to molecular level
9
Q
What is the definition of surface anatomy?
A
External structure of the body (physical exams on a patient)
10
Q
What is the definition of regional anatomy?
A
systems at once in that specific region
10
Q
What is the definition of radiological anatomy?
A
Use of X rays
11
Q
What is the definition of systemic anatomy?
A
Study of one organ system at one time
12
Q
What is the Retroperitoneal?
A
outside the peritoneum, which is covered by peritoneum on the one side facing the peritoneal cavity
13
Q
What are the Retroperitoneal organs?
A
kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, most of the pancreas, and the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
14
Q
What is the function of the Skeletal system
A
Support, movement, mineral storage,
15
Q
What is the function of the Muscular system
A
movement, stability, heat production, communication
16
Q
What is the function of the Nervous system
A
motor control, rapid internal communication, motor control
17
Q
What is the function of the Endocrine system
A
hormone production
18
Q
What is the function of the Circulatory system
A
distributes nutrients
19
Q
What is the function of the Lymphatic system
A
detection of pathogens, production of immune cells
20
Q
What is the function of the Respiratory system
A
absorbs oxygen and gets rid of CO2
21
Q
What is the function of the Digestive system
A
nutrients breakdown and absorption, metabolism
22
Q
What is the function of the Urinary system
A
elimination of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure
23
Q
What is the function of the Integumentary system
A
Protection, water retention, produce vitamin D, thermoregulation
24
What is the function of the reproductive system
reproductive roles like producing sperm and eggs and stuff like that
25
What organs do the thoracic cavity contain?
Lungs, heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, the trachea, bronchi and thymus
26
What organs do the abdominal cavity contain?
Contains most of the digestive organs
Spleen, kidneys, and ureters
27
What organs do the pelvic cavity contain?
distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
28
What are the three serous membranes?
Peritoneum, Pleura, Pericardium
29
Where is the serous membrane Peritoneum located?
In the abdominal cavity
30
Where is the serous membrane Pleura located?
around the lungs
31
Where is the serous membrane Pericardium located?
around the heart
32
Define the Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
- Has less resolution but produces 3-D images
- Does not see through the object but can view only the surface of the specimen
33
Define the Light microscope (LM)
Limited to magnification you can see color but cannot see the plasma membrane
34
Define the Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
- High resolution
Slices the specimen and cannot reuse the specimen
35
What does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?
Stiffens and not stiffens the membrane right by the phospholipids
36
Describe the glycolipids
Only on the extracellular face
Phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains bound to them
These glycolipids contribute to the
37
What part of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and which are hydrophobic?
- The heads are hydrophilic
- The tails are hydrophobic
38
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that are not imbedded in the lipid bi layer but are only on the outside intercellular or extracellular face
39
What are integral proteins?
they are proteins that are imbedded into the lipid bi layer
40
What are transmembrane proteins?
They go through the bilayer
41
What are receptor proteins?
It passes the message through to the inside of the bilayer
42
What are enzyme proteins?
they break down a certain thing when it attaches to it
43
What are channel proteins?
It lets stuff through
44
What are gated channel proteins?
it opens and closes and lets certain things through
45
what are cell-identity molecules?
it identifies the things that attach to it
46
what are Tight junctions?
it links the cells together like a zipper NOTHING GETS THROUGH
47
What are desmosomes of the cell junctions?
It prevents substances from pulling a part. It DOES NOT prevent things from going through or around them. It is like a snap on a onsie
48
What are gap junctions?
it links cells together and allow small substances to be transported between cells
49
DO THE QUIZLET AND LEARN ABOUT Demonstrate a basic understanding of each of the cell components and their function;
Outline the processes for moving material into and out of a cell
50
What does epithelial tissue do?
covers surface or secretes but also forms glands and is made out of epithelial cells. IT is avascular
51
What does connective tissue do?
binds/connects
52
What does muscle tissue do?
contracts or shortens
53
What does nervous tissue do?
conducts impulses
54
Where in the body does the Simple squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Alveoli/ari sacs, flat one layer of cells, diffuses O2
55
Where in the body does the Simple cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Kidney, Cube like one layer of cells, absorbs and secretes
56
Where in the body does the Simple columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the stomach/small intestine, in columns on layer of cell, has a brush border
57
Where in the body does the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Trachea/lungs, has goblet cells
58
Where in the body does the Stratified squamous epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the esophagus, female reproductive tract, and anal canal , flat two layer of cells,
59
Where in the body does the Stratified cuboidal epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Sweet gland, ovaries, and testes, Cube like two layers of cells
60
Where in the body does the Urothelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Bladder, can stretch
61
Where in the body does the Stratified columnar epithelium surround/belong to in the body? And describe it
Found in the Salivary duct, pharynx, larynx, & male urethra , In columns two layers of cells
62
What are the 4 categories of connective tissue?
1. fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
2. adipose tissue
3. supportive tissue
4. fluid connective tissue
63
What do fibroblasts do?
Produce fibers and ground substance
64
How do you classify Dense CT and Loose CT?
Dense CT- It has a lot of fibers and cells but little ground substance (not a lot of space)
Loose CT- not a lot of cells and fibers but A LOT of ground substance (space)
65
What is adipose tissue?
The dominant cell type that is filled with fat. They are fat cells
66
What is supportive connective tissue?
It is bone tissue (hard CT)
67
What is areolar tissue?
It is loose CT that has a lot of empty space and surrounds organs and binds them to other organs and organ systems
68
What is reticular CT?
It is a loose CT that forms the structural framework of organs in the immune system
69
What is dense regular CT?
It is a dense CT that the fibers are parallel and closely packed together (like ligaments)
70
What is dense irregular CT?
Random arrangement of fibers that go many directions that help with unpredictable stress
71
What are the 2 forms of supportive connective tissue and their functions/definitions?
Compact bone- more complex and it forms the outside of the bone
Spongy bone- less organized and fills the heads of long bones and middle layer of flat bones
72
Define cartilage
A stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix and is avascular
73
What is fluid connective tissue?
It is blood and other fluid stuff
74
Define muscle tissue
Contracts or shortens when there is no signal and very little extracellular matrix
75
Define skeletal muscles
Voluntary movement, Large and cylinder shaped with multiple nuclei and have striations
76
Define smooth muscles
Found in the viscera, are fusiform shaped and only have one nucleus that is in the center with no striations, involuntary movement
77
Define cardiac muscles
smaller cells, it branches out and only have one nucleus, involuntary movement
78
Define nervous tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized for communication via electrical and chemical signals
79
What is tissue growth?
When Tissues grow because their cells increase in number NOT size
80
What is metaplasia in different tissue types?
- Metaplasia (a change from one type of mature tissue to another) CAN REVERSE
81
What is Differentiation in different tissue types?
- Differentiation ( development of a more specialized form)
82
What is Dysplasia in different tissue types?
- Dysplasia (an increasing degree of disordered growth of the tissue CAN REVERSE
83
What is Neoplasia in different tissue types?
Neoplasia ( is the development of a tumor) CANNOT REVERSE
84
What is Hyperplasia in different tissue types?
Hyperplasia (cell multiplication)
Hypertrophy (enlargement of preexisting cells)
85
What is the difference between the gland and a membrane?
gland- is a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste
Membrane- A membrane is a thin sheet of tissue acting as a boundary or lining in the body. Membranes can be composed of epithelium, CT only or both
86
Why do cells grow in number instead of getter larger?
because once the size gets too big they have to divide which makes things grow in our bodies
87
What are compact bones?
- Forms the outer shell of the bone and forms the majority of the bone
88
What is an osteon? What is it made out of?
central canal + its lamellae; the BASIC STRUCTURAL UNIT OR FUNCTIONAL SUBUNIT OF COMPACT BONE
89
What is the Concentric lamellae in a compact bone?
layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal
90
What is a Central canal in a compact bone?
a neurovascular channel surrounded by concentric lamellae
91
What is a Perforating canals in a compact bone?
perpendicular passages which join central canals along their length, within osteons; contain blood vessels & nerves; also known as NUTRIENT CANALS
92
What is a Circumferential lamellae in a compact bone?
lamellae that surround and line the outer surfaces of a long bone
93
What is a Interstitial lamellae in a compact bone
– remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself.
94
What are osteoblasts/its functions?
secretes fibers and ground substance (makes it) bone forming cells
95
What are osteocytes/its functions?
old osteoblasts which become entrapped in little cavities within the matrix called lacunae (sit in it) mature bone cells
96
What are osteoclasts/its functions?
multinucleated giant cells that reabsorb bone tissue (tears it up) break down bone
97
What are osteogenic/its functions?
stem cells found in the endosteum and the inner layer of periosteum and within the central canals; give rise to osteoblasts
98
What is the epiphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
The end of a long bone
99
What is the diaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the body or shaft of a long bone
100
What is the Perorating fibers (sharpays fibers) as a general feature of a long bone?
Thick strands that anchor the periosteum into the bone
101
What is the hyaline cartilage as a general feature of a long bone?
The ends of the adjoining bones (so at the joints) have hyaline cartilage instead of periosteum
102
What is the medullary cavity as a general feature of a long bone?
the hollow part of the bone
103
What is the metaphysis as a general feature of a long bone?
the part of the diaphysis that is right by the epiphysis growth plate
104
What is the nutrient foramen as a general feature of a long bone?
little holes that allow the blood vessels of the periosteum to go through
105
What is the nutrient canal as a general feature of a long bone?
it creates the outer shell of a long bone
106
What is the difference between the epiphysial plate and the epiphysial line?
epiphysial plate: it is a growing plate in between osseous portions of a growing long bone
epiphysial line: It is the epiphysial plate but it just stops growing. it is the remnant of the growth plate
107
Where are the paranasal sinuses located?
in the nasal cavity
108
What are the paranasal sinuses? And how many are there?
2 x sphenoidal sinus
2 x front sinus
2 x ethmoidal sinus
2 x maxillary sinus
109
LOOK AT PICTURE TO SEE WHERE ALL THE SINUSES ARE LOCATED IN THE NASAL CAVITY
110
How many neurocranium bones are there?
8
111
What are the neurocranium bones? And how many do we have of each?
Fontal bone 1
parietal bone 2
temporal bone 2
occipital bone 1
sphenoid bone 1
ethmoid bone 1
112
How many facial bones do we have
14
113
What are the names of the facial bones? And how many do we have of each?
2 Maxillae
2 Palatine bones
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
2 Inferior nasal conchae
1 Vomer
1 Mandible
114
How many cranial bones do we have?
22
115
How many bones do we have in the ear (auditory ossicles)?
3
116
How many true ribs do we have?
7
117
How many false ribs do we have?
5
118
How many bones do we have in our vertebral column?
26 (when they fuse)
119
How many vertebral disks do we have?
23
120
How many cervical vertebrae do we have?
7
121
How many lumbar vertebrae do we have?
5
122
How many thoracic vertebrae do we have?
12
123
How many coccygeal vertebrae do we have?
4
124
How many sacral vertebrae do we have?
5
125
How many total ribs do we have?
12
126
What is the sagittal suture?
The suture in the middle top of the head (parts the parietal bones)
127
What is the coronal suture?
the anterior suture
128
What is the lambdoid suture?
the posterior suture
129
What is the squamous suture?
the lateral suture
130
What is the nucleus pulposus of the vertebral disc?
The middle part of the disk that is soft and a jelly like substance
131
What is the anulus fibrosus of the vertebral disc?
The hard outer ring that is a fibrocartilage
132
What are synarthroses joints?
Joints that are united by fibrous tissue
133
What are the three different types of synarthroses joints?
Sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis
134
Define sutures as a synarthroses joint
Immobile joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
135
Define syndesmosis as a synarthroses joint
has a lot of collagen fibers between the skeletal components, it gives these joints a little more mobility
136
Define gomphosis as a synarthroses joint
it is the socket that holds a tooth in place
137
What are amphiarthroses joints?
Bones that are linked together by cartilage
138
What are the two types of amphiarthroses?
Synchondrosis, and symphysis
139
Define Synchondrosis amphiarthroses joint and an example
The bones are united by hyaline
example the first rib attachment to the sternum
140
Define symphysis as a amphiarthroses joint and an example
the bones are united by fibrocartilage
example the cartilage between the two pubic bones of the hip bone
141
What are synovial joints (diarthroses)?
They are joints in the elbow knees and knuckles
142
What is articular cartilage in the synovial joints?
it is hyaline cartilage that covers facing surfaces of the bones
143
What is joint capsule in the synovial joints?
Encloses joint cavity and retains fluid
144
What is the outer fibrous capsule in the synovial joints?
is with the periosteum of the adjoining bones)
145
What is the inner synovial membrane in the synovial joints?
produces synovial fluid
146
What is articular disc in the synovial joints?
a fibrocartilage pad that grows across the joint capsule
147
What is the meniscus in the synovial joints?
discs that extend inward but do not entirely cross the joint, it stabilizes the joint and reduces the chance of dislocation in regards to the femur
148
What are tendons in the synovial joints?
attaches a muscle to bone most important in stabilizing a joint
149
What are ligaments in the synovial joints?
Attachés bone to bone
150
What is a bursa in the synovial joints?
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between muscles between bone and skin or where a tendon passes over a bone
151
What is synovial fluid in the synovial joints?
(it is lubricant for the joint and is secreted by the synovial membrane
152
What is tendon sheath in the synovial joints?
The stuff around a tendon
153
What are the 6 major synovial joints?
1. Ball and socket
2. Pivot
3. Saddle
4. Hinge
5. Plane
6. Condylar
154
How do the 6 major synovial joints move in regards to the planes? (example like multiaxial or the other ones) And what bones are in each major group that do that motion?
1. Ball and socket (multiaxial joint the shoulder and the hip)
2. Pivot (monoaxial elbow and knee)
3. Saddle (biaxial metacarpal joints)
4. Hinge (monoaxial elbow knee and finger and knuckles)
5. Plane (biaxial the carpal bones)
6. Condylar Biaxial the wrist and metacarpal bones)
155
What does multiaxial, biaxial, and monoaxial mean?
- Multiaxial (a joint which can move in any of the three fundamental perpendicular planes) Shoulder and hip do this
- Biaxial ( a joint which moves in only two planes) metacarpal joints
- Monaxial ( A joint which moves in only one plane) knee and elbow
156
What part of the body is the most complex diathrosis?
The knee joint
157
What bones form the talocrural joint?
The tibia, fibula, and talus
158
What is flexion, extension, and hyperextension?
- Flexion (decreases the joint angle)
- Extension (straightens the joint angle)
- Hyperextension (returning a joint from a fixed position and continuing beyond the zero position it does not feel comfortable)
159
What is abduction, and adduction?
- Abduction (moves away from the midline
Adduction (movement back toward the midline)
160
What is elevation and depression?
- Elevation (movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane)
Depression (Lowers a body part in the same plane)
161
What is protract and retract?
- Protract (to reach in front of you)
Retract (When you return it to the resting position or pulling your shoulders back)
162
What is rotation, external rotation, and medial rotation?
- Rotation (movement in which a bone spins on its long axis)
- External rotation ( anterior surface spins away from the midline)
Medial rotation (anterior surface spins toward the midline)
163
What is supination and pronation?
- Supination (moves palm to face anteriorly
Pronation (moves palm to face posteriorly)
164
What is dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion?
- Dorsiflexion (foot elevates at the ankle actual flexion)
- Plantar flexion ( foot points down at the ankle)
- Inversion (soles face medially)
Eversion (soles face laterally)
165
What is radial flexion, ulnar flexion, palmar abduction, and opposition?
- Radial flexion (tilts the hand toward the thumb)
- Ulnar flexion (tilts it toward the little finger)
- Palmar abduction (moving thumb away from the palm)
Opposition (the thumb touches the fingers)
166
What category of connective tissue is ALL types of dense CT and loose CT apart of?
fibroblasts (connective tissue proper)
167
What is connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts and Dense and Loose CT
168
Define the Sudoriferous glands (Apocrine)
A sweat gland that releases stinky sweat and the duct opens in the hair follicle rather than the skin surface. It is active during puberty. Found int he groin and armpit
169
Define the Sudoriferous glands (eccrine)
A sweat gland that cools the body by producing watery respiration on the skin. Helps with thermoregulation. Abundant in the palms and forehead
170
Define the Sebaceous glands
Oil glands that produce oil called sebum everywhere except on thick skin
171
Define the Ceruminous glands
It is a gland only int he external ear canal and it produces ear wax
172
Define the mammary gland
A gland that produces milk
173
What is the epidermis of the skin?
It is the epithelium of the skin (top layer), it lacks blood vessels and has many layers to it
174
What is the dermis of the skin?
It is the connective tissue of the skin and it is beneath the epidermis. It has fibroblasts and contains smooth muscle
175
What is the hypodermis of the skin?
It is areolar and adipose tissue just underneath the skin (fat). it is not a true layer of skin and it is highly vascular
176
What is the papillary layer of the dermis?
- Thin layer that consists of areolar tissue
- Allow for mobility of cells like leukocytes to defend against organisms
177
What is the reticular layer of the dermis?
- Deep thick layer
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue
178
What is the stratum corneum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Keratinized and dead tissue cells
- Stops water loss and penetration
- top layer
179
What is the stratum Lucidum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Only found in thick skin
- Cells that lack organelles
- second layer
180
What is the stratum Granulosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Consists of 3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
- They are stained dark
- third layer
181
What is the stratum Spinosum as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Several layers of keratinocytes
- The thickest layer of the epidermis
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
- fourth layer
182
What is the stratum Basale as one of the epidermis tissue layers?
- Deepest layer
- Only one cell thick
- Mitosis takes place here
- Has melanin
183
How many layers does thick skin have? And where is thick skin on our body?
5, on the sole of the feet, palms surface, fingers and toes
184
How many layers of skin does normal skin have?
4
185
What is the sarcolemma in the muscle fiber?
it is essentially the plasma membrane and It forms the transverse tubules
186
What are the transverse tubules?
It carries electrical signals from the cell surface into the interior which causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to open
187
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the muscle fibers?
Where the fluid collects the Calcium and they forma network around each myofibril
188
What does calcium do in muscle contration?
It activates the muscle contraction
189
What is the terminal cisterns in the muscle fibers?
They are the dilated end sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). They are the calcium storage site
190
What is the sarcoplasm in the muscle fiber?
It is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
191
What does the sarcoplasm contain? And explain them
glycogen:( a carb that provides energy for the cell)
myoglobin: ( a red pigment which provides some of the oxygen)
192
What is the sarcomere in a muscle fiber?
it is the functional subunit of the muscle fiber
193
What is a myofilament?
Fibrous protein strands that carry out the contraction process
194
What are the three types of myofilaments?
Thick myofilaments (myosin)
Think myofilaments (actin)
Elastic filaments
195
What are thick myofilaments (myosin)?
Made of myosin that looks like a golf club
196
What are thin myofilaments (actin)?
Made out of actin that looks like a necklace and it has other components called tropomyosin, troponin, and the g region
197
What does tropomyosin, and troponin do in thin myofilaments (actin)?
The tropomyosin is a large strand that goes around the actin
Troponin: is attached to the tropomyosin and it binds to calcium when it is excited
198
What is the g region in thin myofilaments (actin)?
It is the part of the thin myofilament that binds to the head of the thick myofilament (myosin)
199
What are elastic filaments?
They are springy protein called titin. Its function is that it goes through the core of each thick filament (myosin) and anchors it to the structures called the Z discs. Essentially it stabilizes the myofilaments
200
How do you get the striated appearance in muscles?
It is the alternating pattern on thick and thin filaments
201
What is the A band in the thick myofilaments (myosin)?
They are darker and alternate with the lighter I band
202
What are in the A band in the thick myofilaments (myosin)?
the H band and the M line
203
What is the H band and M line in the A band of the thick myofilament (myosin)?
H band: it is the central region of the A band that stains a little lighter due to the lack of thin myofilaments
M line: it anchors the thick filaments (myosin) together
204
What zone are the A band and the M line apart of?
In the bare zone
205
What is the I band?
the light stripe of the thin myofilaments (actin)
206
What is the Z disc in the I band?
It is the midline of the I band that anchors thin and elastic filaments
207
Describe where calcium goes during contraction of muscle fibers
The SR releases teh calcium after getting an electrical trigger
Then it binds to the troponin and does the contraction stuff
then after the contraction is done it goes off the troponin
208
What is the simple version on how muscle fibers contract?
the myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer which shortens sarcomeres within a fiber
209
How do muscle fibers relax?
- The nerve signal stops
- The SR reabsorbs the calcium
- The troponin blocks the calcium from attaching
- And tension subsides
210
What are the two types of muscle fibers? (all of there names)
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2
211
What is the difference between Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2, and Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1 fibers?
Slow Oxidative (SO), slow twitch, red, type 1: Aerobic respiration and do not fatigue easily, uses oxygen to make ATP, good for endurance not good for fast twitch stuff
Fast Glycolytic (FG), fast twitch, white, type 2: Anaerobic ATP production is used, they fatigue quickly and more easily, good for fast twitch not endurance
212
What is epimysium?
A fibrous sheath that surrounds the entire muscle on the outer surface
213
What is perimysium?
- Encloses each muscle fascicle
- It is a thicker CT sheath
214
What is endomysium?
- Encloses each muscle fiber or myofiber
- It is a thin sleeve of loose CT
215
What is a prime mover?
A muscle that produces the main force
216
What is an example of a prime mover?
Synergist muscle
217
What is synergist muscle?
A muscle that aids the prime mover
218
What is an antagonist muscle?
A muscle that opposes the prime mover
219
What is a fixator muscle?
A muscle that prevents a bone from moving
220
What is the difference between extrinsic muscles of a region and intrinsic muscles of a region?
Extrinsic: They are muscles that control a part of the body that they are not in (like an outside force)
Intrinsic: Muscles that control a part of the body that they are in
221
How does force relate to levers?
When the force increases the speed or distance increases NOT BOTH INCREASE
222
What is always considered the fulcrum in the body?
THE JOINTS
223
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a first class lever?
The fulcrum is in the middle and the effort and resistance is on either side
224
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a second class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end effort is on the other end and the resistance is in the middle
225
Where is the fulcrum, effort, and resistance located on a third class lever?
The fulcrum is on one end and the resistance is on the other end and the effort is in the middle
226
What does HA and LA = in regards to lever and force and fulcrum stuff?
HA = high power, low speed
LA= low power, high speed
227
If the MA value is less than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
Less force but more speed or distance
228
If the MA value is greater than 1.0 how much speed/distance and force will the lever produce?
More force but less speed or distance
