Chapter 6

Question 1

how many major bones are there in a typical adult human skeleton?

Answer 1

206

Question 2

what is an example of a short bone?

Answer 2

carpal bones; tarsal bones

Question 3

what is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 3

patella

Question 4

what is an example of an irregular bone?

Answer 4

spinal vertebra; the bones of the pelvis

Question 5

what is an example of a long bone?

Answer 5

femur, humerus

Question 6

where are sutural bones located?

Answer 6

skull

Question 7

what is an example of a flat bone?

Answer 7

parietal bone

Question 8

what are the characteristics of flat bones?

Answer 8

-thin, roughly parallel surfaces -flat bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae -protect underlying soft tissues and have an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles

Question 9

what are sutural bones also known as?

Answer 9

Wormian bones

Question 10

what are the characteristics of sutural bones?

Answer 10

-small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull -there are individual variations in the number, shape, and position of sutural bones -their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter

Question 11

what are the characteristics of long bones?

Answer 11

-elongated and slender -located in the arm and forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes -the femur, the long bone of the thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body

Question 12

what are characteristics of irregular bones?

Answer 12

-complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surface -spinal vertebrae, bones of the pelvis, and several skull bones are irregular bones

Question 13

what are characteristics of sesamoid bones?

Answer 13

-generally small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed -develop inside the tendons -most commonly located near the joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet -form in atleast 26 locations

Question 14

what are characteristics of short bones?

Answer 14

-small and boxy -examples include bones in wrist (carpal) and ankles (tarsal)

Question 15

what are bones classified according to?

Answer 15

shape and structure

Question 16

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 16

80

Question 17

what are the two types of skeletal systems?

Answer 17

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

Question 18

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 18

126

Question 19

describe the axial skeleton

Answer 19

the axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column. these elements form the longitudinal axis of the body

Question 20

describe the appendicular skeleton

Answer 20

the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Question 21

what are the important functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 21

1. Provide support and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments 2. Protect internal organs (brain, lungs, etc.) 3. Assist body movements (with muscles) 4. Store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus 5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) 6. Store triglycerides (adipose cells)

Question 22

what are the four major parts of bone structure?

Answer 22

• Diaphysis: shaft or body of a long bone. - Epiphysis: the distal and proximal end of a long bone. - Metaphysis: the area where the epiphyses and diaphysis join. -Medullary cavity: space within the diaphysis of long bones

Question 23

what is the diaphysis?

Answer 23

shaft or body of a long bone

Question 24

what is the epiphysis

Answer 24

the distal and proximal end of a long bone

Question 25

what is the metaphysis?

Answer 25

the area where the epiphyses and diaphysis join

Question 26

what is the medullary cavity?

Answer 26

the space within the diaphysis of long bones

Question 27

bone is considered a dynamic tissue. what does this mean?

Answer 27

it is always remodeling (building up and breaking down)

Question 28

what are the two major tissues in the skeletal system?

Answer 28

-bone (osseous tissue) -cartilage

Question 29

aside from bone and cartilage, what other tissues can be found in the skeletal system?

Answer 29

-nervous tissue -connective tissue (adipose, dense irregular)

Question 30

what are the vitamins needed for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 30

A, C, D, K, B12

Question 31

why is vitamin A important for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 31

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

Question 32

why is vitamin C important for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 32

needed for synthesis of collagen

Question 33

why is vitamin D important for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 33

promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

Question 34

why is vitamin K and B12 important for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 34

needed for synthesis of bone proteins

Question 35

what does it mean to fortify milk?

Answer 35

process by which manufacturers add micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals to food

Question 36

what happens if too much new tissue is formed?

Answer 36

bones become abnormally thick and heavy (acromegaly)

Question 37

what happens if you incur an excessive loss of calcium?

Answer 37

bones become weak; could turn to osteoporosis

Question 38

what are the hormones required for bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 38

1. human growth hormone (hGH) 2. insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) 3. thyroid hormone 4. sex hormones 5. parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin \*all of these have to work together in order to function

Question 39

How does HGH assist in bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 39

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis

Question 40

How does HGH assist in bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 40

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis

Question 41

How do thyroid hormones and insulin assist in bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 41

stimulate osteoblasts and protein synthesis

Question 42

How do sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) assist in bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 42

-cause “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years -promote widening of the pelvis in the female skeleton -responsible for closing the epiphyseal plates at the end of puberty

Question 43

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin assist in bone growth and remodeling?

Answer 43

critical for balancing the levels of calcium and phosphorus between blood and bone

Question 44

Name these three sections of bone tissue.

Answer 44

Question 45

what is ossification?

Answer 45

the process of forming new bone

Question 46

what are the four situations that bone formation occurs?

Answer 46

1. Formation of bone in an embryo 2. Growth of bones until adulthood 3. Remodeling of bone 4. Repair of fractures