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BIOL205 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

how many major bones are there in a typical adult human skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

what is an example of a short bone?

A

carpal bones; tarsal bones

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3
Q

what is an example of a sesamoid bone?

A

patella

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4
Q

what is an example of an irregular bone?

A

spinal vertebra; the bones of the pelvis

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5
Q

what is an example of a long bone?

A

femur, humerus

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6
Q

where are sutural bones located?

A

skull

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7
Q

what is an example of a flat bone?

A

parietal bone

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of flat bones?

A

-thin, roughly parallel surfaces -flat bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae -protect underlying soft tissues and have an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

what are sutural bones also known as?

A

Wormian bones

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10
Q

what are the characteristics of sutural bones?

A

-small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull -there are individual variations in the number, shape, and position of sutural bones -their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle -they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of long bones?

A

-elongated and slender -located in the arm and forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes -the femur, the long bone of the thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body

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12
Q

what are characteristics of irregular bones?

A

-complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surface -spinal vertebrae, bones of the pelvis, and several skull bones are irregular bones

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13
Q

what are characteristics of sesamoid bones?

A

-generally small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed -develop inside the tendons -most commonly located near the joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet -form in atleast 26 locations

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14
Q

what are characteristics of short bones?

A

-small and boxy -examples include bones in wrist (carpal) and ankles (tarsal)

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15
Q

what are bones classified according to?

A

shape and structure

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16
Q

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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17
Q

what are the two types of skeletal systems?

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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18
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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19
Q

describe the axial skeleton

A

the axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column. these elements form the longitudinal axis of the body

20
Q

describe the appendicular skeleton

A

the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

21
Q

what are the important functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Provide support and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments 2. Protect internal organs (brain, lungs, etc.) 3. Assist body movements (with muscles) 4. Store and release salts of calcium and phosphorus 5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) 6. Store triglycerides (adipose cells)
22
Q

what are the four major parts of bone structure?

A
  • Diaphysis: shaft or body of a long bone. - Epiphysis: the distal and proximal end of a long bone. - Metaphysis: the area where the epiphyses and diaphysis join. -Medullary cavity: space within the diaphysis of long bones
23
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

shaft or body of a long bone

24
Q

what is the epiphysis

A

the distal and proximal end of a long bone

25
Q

what is the metaphysis?

A

the area where the epiphyses and diaphysis join

26
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

the space within the diaphysis of long bones

27
Q

bone is considered a dynamic tissue. what does this mean?

A

it is always remodeling (building up and breaking down)

28
Q

what are the two major tissues in the skeletal system?

A

-bone (osseous tissue) -cartilage

29
Q

aside from bone and cartilage, what other tissues can be found in the skeletal system?

A

-nervous tissue -connective tissue (adipose, dense irregular)

30
Q

what are the vitamins needed for bone growth and remodeling?

A

A, C, D, K, B12

31
Q

why is vitamin A important for bone growth and remodeling?

A

stimulates activity of osteoblasts

32
Q

why is vitamin C important for bone growth and remodeling?

A

needed for synthesis of collagen

33
Q

why is vitamin D important for bone growth and remodeling?

A

promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

34
Q

why is vitamin K and B12 important for bone growth and remodeling?

A

needed for synthesis of bone proteins

35
Q

what does it mean to fortify milk?

A

process by which manufacturers add micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals to food

36
Q

what happens if too much new tissue is formed?

A

bones become abnormally thick and heavy (acromegaly)

37
Q

what happens if you incur an excessive loss of calcium?

A

bones become weak; could turn to osteoporosis

38
Q

what are the hormones required for bone growth and remodeling?

A
  1. human growth hormone (hGH) 2. insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) 3. thyroid hormone 4. sex hormones 5. parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin *all of these have to work together in order to function
39
Q

How does HGH assist in bone growth and remodeling?

A

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis

40
Q

How does HGH assist in bone growth and remodeling?

A

stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis

41
Q

How do thyroid hormones and insulin assist in bone growth and remodeling?

A

stimulate osteoblasts and protein synthesis

42
Q

How do sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) assist in bone growth and remodeling?

A

-cause “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years -promote widening of the pelvis in the female skeleton -responsible for closing the epiphyseal plates at the end of puberty

43
Q

How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin assist in bone growth and remodeling?

A

critical for balancing the levels of calcium and phosphorus between blood and bone

44
Q

Name these three sections of bone tissue.

A
45
Q

what is ossification?

A

the process of forming new bone

46
Q

what are the four situations that bone formation occurs?

A
  1. Formation of bone in an embryo
  2. Growth of bones until adulthood
  3. Remodeling of bone
  4. Repair of fractures
47
Q
A

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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