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BIOL205 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

anterior

A

on or near the front, or ventral surface, of the body

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2
Q

contralateral

A

relating to the opposite side of the body

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3
Q

deep

A

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

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4
Q

distal

A

a direction away from the point of attachment or origin; for a limb, away from its attachment to the trunk

ex. the fingers are distal to the wrist

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5
Q

inferior

A

below, in reference to a particular structure, with the body in anatomical position

ex. the knee is inferior to the hip

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6
Q

intermediate

A

pertaining to a position between lateral and medial

ex. the clavicle is intermediate to the shoulder and the sternum

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7
Q

ipsilateral

A

relating to the same side of the body

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8
Q

lateral

A

pertaining to the side

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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10
Q

parietal

A

referring to the wall of a cavity

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11
Q

posterior

A

toward the back; dorsal

ex. the scapula is posterior to the rib cage

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12
Q

proximal

A

toward the attached base of an organ or structure

ex. the shoulder is proximal to the wrist

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13
Q

superficial

A

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

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14
Q

superior

A

above; in reference to a particular structure, with the body in anatomical position

ex. the head is superior to the chest

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15
Q

visceral

A

pertaining to the outer covering of an organ or structure

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16
Q

frontal plane

A

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; also known as the coronal plane; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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17
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates right and left portions; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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18
Q

midsagittal plane

A

separates right and left portions directly through the midline; the plane is oriented parallel to long axis

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19
Q

transverse plane

A

separates superior and inferior portions of the body; also known as a cross section; plane is oriented perpendicular to the long axis

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20
Q

anatomical position

A

hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together

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21
Q

supine

A

lying down face up in the anatomical position

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22
Q

prone

A

lying down face down in the anatomical position

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23
Q

homeostasis

Study These Flashcards
A

a relatively constant (stable) internal environment

24
Q

biology

Study These Flashcards
A

the study of life

25
what are the four basic functions of living things
1. respond to changes in the environment 2. show adaptability 3. organisms grown and develop 4. capable of some degree of movement or locomotion
26
gross anatomy
the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye; also known as macroscopic anatomy
27
macroscopic anatomy
the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye; also known as gross anatomy
28
microscopic anatomy
the examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification and thus the equipment used establishes the boundaries of what can be seen
29
anatomy
the study of structure; the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts
30
physiology
the study of function; the study of function and how living organisms perform their vital functions
31
describe the idea of form and function
physiology and anatomy are closely interrelated both theoretically and practically. anatomical details are significant only because each has an effect on function, and physiological mechanism can be fully understood only in terms of underlying structural relationship ex. the elbow joint, radius, humerus, and ulna are anatomical features that allow the body to move the forearm in the prescribed physiological motions ex. the teeth (anatomical) are all formed and set in a manner to assist animals in the chewing and digestion (physiological) of food for sustenance
32
organ
two or more tissues working together to perform several functions
33
tissue
group of cells and cell products working together to perform one or more specific functions
34
cells
smallest living units in the body
35
atoms
the smallest stable units of matter
36
molecules
multiple atoms in combination
37
organism
highest level or organization (for this class, a human)
38
organ system
the system in which various organs interact to perform a specific range of functions; there are 11 organ systems in the human body
39
what are the three basic principles of cell theory?
1. cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals 2. cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells 3. cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
40
what are the four types of tissue?
1. epithelial tissue 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. neural tissue
41
integumentary system
protects against environmental hazards
42
skeletal system
provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells
43
muscular system
produces movement; provides support; generates heat
44
nervous sytem
directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
45
endocrine system
directs long term changes in other organ systems
46
cardiovascular system
transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
47
lymphatic system
defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to bloodstream
48
respiratory system
delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
49
digestive system
processes food and absorbs nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water)
50
urinary system
eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes; controls pH
51
reproductive system
produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth
52
homeostatic regulation
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous
53
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms
1. receptor 2. control center 3. effector
54
positive feedback
an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it
55
negative feedback
an effector activated by the control center opposes or negates the original stimulus
56
what is an example of a positive feedback loop?
childbirth and how.............
57
what are the two essential functions of true body cavities?
1. they protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts | 2. they permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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