Chapter 2

Question 1

ions

Answer 1

atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shell (so they take on a charge)

Question 2

molecules

Answer 2

formed when atoms come together and share electrons

Question 3

compound

Answer 3

when different (types of) atoms come together

Question 4

exergonic reaction

Answer 4

a reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs

Question 5

endergonic reaction

Answer 5

a reaction that requires energy be added; usually from ATP

Question 6

what are the four primary types of chemical reactions?

Answer 6

1. synthesis reactions
2. decomposition reactions
3. exchange reactions
4. reversible reactions

Question 7

what is a synthesis reaction an example of?

Answer 7

anabolism

Question 8

what is a decomposition reaction an example of?

Answer 8

catabolism

Question 9

What is a sample formula for a synthesis reaction?

Answer 9

A+B -> AB

Question 10

What is a sample formula for a decomposition reaction?

Answer 10

AB -> A+B

Question 11

What is a sample formula for an exchange reaction?

Answer 11

AB + CD -> AD + BC

Question 12

What is a sample formula for a reversible reaction?

Answer 12

AC A+C

Question 13

activation energy

Answer 13

the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start

Question 14

what are the three factors that can affect chemical reactions?

Answer 14

1. temperature
2. concentration of the reactants
3. presence or absence of a catalyst

Question 15

catalyst

Answer 15

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

Question 16

what are most enzymes made of?

Answer 16

proteins

Question 17

in the human body, catalysts are most often what?

Answer 17

enzymes

Question 18

what is the most important and abundant compound in all living systems?

Answer 18

water

Question 19

what makes up approximately 2/3 of body weight?

Answer 19

water

Question 20

what is an example of a polar molecule?

Answer 20

water

Question 21

polar molecule

Answer 21

has a partial negative charge on one side and a partial positive charge on the other

Question 22

In a solution the ____ dissolves the solute.

Answer 22

solvent

Question 23

In a solution the solvent dissolves the ____.

Answer 23

solute

Question 24

hydrophilic

Answer 24

substances that dissolve (or disassociate) in water; also known as water soluble

Question 25

hydrophobic

Answer 25

substances that do not dissolve (or disassociate) in water; also known as fat soluble or lipophilic

Question 26

what are three important functions of water?

Answer 26

1. thermal properties 2. lubricant 3. chemical reactant

Question 27

what are examples of carbohydrates?

Answer 27

1. sugars 2. starches 3. glycogen

Question 28

what is the function of carbohydrates in our bodies?

Answer 28

carbohydrates provide much of the energy needed in our bodies; humans need to break down carbohydrates in order to make ATP

Question 29

where are monosaccharides found?

Answer 29

1. DNA/ RNA | 2. also found in food, where we break them down to make ATP

Question 30

monosaccharides

Answer 30

simple sugars ex. deoxyribose, ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 31

disaccharides

Answer 31

two monosaccharides joined together; can be broken apart for energy ex. 1. sucrose = glucose+fructose 2. lactose=glucose+galactose 3. maltose=glucose+glucose

Question 32

polysaccharides

Answer 32

may contain hundreds of monosaccharides ex. glycogen

Question 33

where is glycogen stored?

Answer 33

liver and skeletal muscles

Question 34

what are three brush border enzymes?

Answer 34

1. sucrase 2. lactase 3. maltase

Question 35

lipids

Answer 35

major group of compounds in the human body; hydrophobic and mostly insoluble with water; they combine with proteins for transport in blood; (fat)

Question 36

triglycerides

Answer 36

most plentiful type of lipids in the body; provide protection, insulation, and energy; excess is deposited in adipose tissue; storage is virtually unlimited; at room temperature triglycerides may be solid (fats) or liquid (oils); provide twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates or proteins

Question 37

phospholipids

Answer 37

important membrane component that have a polar head and two non-polar tails (help make up cell membrane)

Question 38

steroids

Answer 38

lipid molecules that have four rings of carbon atoms; signified by a hexagon shape ex. sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol

Question 39

proteins

Answer 39

important compound found in the body; constructed from combination(s) of 20 different amino acids

Question 40

dipeptides

Answer 40

two amino acids joined together

Question 41

polypeptide

Answer 41

chains that contain 10 to 2000 amino acids; also known as polypeptide chains

Question 42

what are the four levels of protein structural organization?

Answer 42

1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary

Question 43

denaturation

Answer 43

loss of protein structure (and thus function) caused by a hostile environment ex. egg white turning solid when cooked; human death when internal temperature reaches over 110 degrees F

Question 44

enzymes

Answer 44

special proteins that catalyze (speed up) metabolic reaction in all living cells

Question 45

substrate

Answer 45

the substance upon which an enzyme has its effect

Question 46

how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

Answer 46

1. increasing frequency of collisions 2. lowering activation energy 3. properly orienting colliding molecules

Question 47

what do our bodies use ATP for?

Answer 47

1. muscle contraction 2. moving chromosomes 3. moving structures within cells 4. transporting substances across membranes 5. making larger molecules from smaller ones

Question 48

where is ATP made?

Answer 48

the mighty mitochondria

Question 49

where is glucose made?

Answer 49

the mitochondria