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BIOL205 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ions

A

atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron shell (so they take on a charge)

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2
Q

molecules

A

formed when atoms come together and share electrons

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3
Q

compound

A

when different (types of) atoms come together

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4
Q

exergonic reaction

A

a reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs

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5
Q

endergonic reaction

A

a reaction that requires energy be added; usually from ATP

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6
Q

what are the four primary types of chemical reactions?

A
  1. synthesis reactions
  2. decomposition reactions
  3. exchange reactions
  4. reversible reactions
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7
Q

what is a synthesis reaction an example of?

A

anabolism

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8
Q

what is a decomposition reaction an example of?

A

catabolism

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9
Q

What is a sample formula for a synthesis reaction?

A

A+B -> AB

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10
Q

What is a sample formula for a decomposition reaction?

A

AB -> A+B

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11
Q

What is a sample formula for an exchange reaction?

A

AB + CD -> AD + BC

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12
Q

What is a sample formula for a reversible reaction?

A

AC A+C

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13
Q

activation energy

A

the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start

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14
Q

what are the three factors that can affect chemical reactions?

A
  1. temperature
  2. concentration of the reactants
  3. presence or absence of a catalyst
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15
Q

catalyst

A

chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur

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16
Q

what are most enzymes made of?

A

proteins

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17
Q

in the human body, catalysts are most often what?

A

enzymes

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18
Q

what is the most important and abundant compound in all living systems?

A

water

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19
Q

what makes up approximately 2/3 of body weight?

A

water

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20
Q

what is an example of a polar molecule?

A

water

21
Q

polar molecule

A

has a partial negative charge on one side and a partial positive charge on the other

22
Q

In a solution the ____ dissolves the solute.

A

solvent

23
Q

In a solution the solvent dissolves the ____.

A

solute

24
Q

hydrophilic

A

substances that dissolve (or disassociate) in water; also known as water soluble

25
Q

hydrophobic

A

substances that do not dissolve (or disassociate) in water; also known as fat soluble or lipophilic

26
Q

what are three important functions of water?

A
  1. thermal properties
  2. lubricant
  3. chemical reactant
27
Q

what are examples of carbohydrates?

A
  1. sugars
  2. starches
  3. glycogen
28
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates in our bodies?

A

carbohydrates provide much of the energy needed in our bodies; humans need to break down carbohydrates in order to make ATP

29
Q

where are monosaccharides found?

A
  1. DNA/ RNA

2. also found in food, where we break them down to make ATP

30
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

ex. deoxyribose, ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

31
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together; can be broken apart for energy

ex.
1. sucrose = glucose+fructose
2. lactose=glucose+galactose
3. maltose=glucose+glucose

32
Q

polysaccharides

A

may contain hundreds of monosaccharides

ex. glycogen

33
Q

where is glycogen stored?

A

liver and skeletal muscles

34
Q

what are three brush border enzymes?

A
  1. sucrase
  2. lactase
  3. maltase
35
Q

lipids

A

major group of compounds in the human body; hydrophobic and mostly insoluble with water; they combine with proteins for transport in blood; (fat)

36
Q

triglycerides

A

most plentiful type of lipids in the body; provide protection, insulation, and energy; excess is deposited in adipose tissue; storage is virtually unlimited; at room temperature triglycerides may be solid (fats) or liquid (oils); provide twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates or proteins

37
Q

phospholipids

A

important membrane component that have a polar head and two non-polar tails (help make up cell membrane)

38
Q

steroids

A

lipid molecules that have four rings of carbon atoms; signified by a hexagon shape

ex. sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol

39
Q

proteins

A

important compound found in the body; constructed from combination(s) of 20 different amino acids

40
Q

dipeptides

A

two amino acids joined together

41
Q

polypeptide

A

chains that contain 10 to 2000 amino acids; also known as polypeptide chains

42
Q

what are the four levels of protein structural organization?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
43
Q

denaturation

A

loss of protein structure (and thus function) caused by a hostile environment

ex. egg white turning solid when cooked; human death when internal temperature reaches over 110 degrees F

44
Q

enzymes

A

special proteins that catalyze (speed up) metabolic reaction in all living cells

45
Q

substrate

A

the substance upon which an enzyme has its effect

46
Q

how do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?

A
  1. increasing frequency of collisions
  2. lowering activation energy
  3. properly orienting colliding molecules
47
Q

what do our bodies use ATP for?

A
  1. muscle contraction
  2. moving chromosomes
  3. moving structures within cells
  4. transporting substances across membranes
  5. making larger molecules from smaller ones
48
Q

where is ATP made?

A

the mighty mitochondria

49
Q

where is glucose made?

A

the mitochondria

BIOL205 (9 decks)

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