CHAPTER 6: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

pumps blood through the body

Answer 1

heart

Question 2

apex of heart (location)

Answer 2

5th intercostal space; directed at the left hip

Question 3

base of heart (location)

Answer 3

lies beneath 2nd rib; directed at the right shoulder

Question 4

responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & waste products throughout the body

Answer 4

cardiovascular system

Question 5

location of the heart

Answer 5

mediastinum; slightly left of the midline

Question 6

encloses the heart

Answer 6

pericardium

Question 7

layers of pericardium

Answer 7

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium

Question 8

outermost covering of pericardium

Answer 8

fibrous pericardium

Question 9

two layers of serous pericardium

Answer 9

parietal layer: middle layer of pericardium
visceral layer: innermost layer (adhered directly to the heart)

Question 10

receiving chambers of the heart

Answer 10

left & right atrium

Question 11

discharging chambers of the heart

Answer 11

left & right ventricles

Question 12

prevents backflow between atria & ventricles

Answer 12

atrioventricular (AV) valve

Question 13

heart valve located between right atrium & right ventricle

Answer 13

tricuspid valve

Question 14

heart valve located between left atrium & left ventricle

Answer 14

bicuspid/mitral valve

Question 15

prevents backflow from major arteries into ventricles

Answer 15

semilunar (SL) valve

Question 16

valve located between right ventricle & pulmonary artery

Answer 16

pulmonary valve

Question 17

valve located between left ventricle & aorta

Answer 17

aortic valve

Question 18

layers of the heart wall

Answer 18

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 19

outermost layer of heart wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium (reduces friction)

Answer 19

epicardium

Question 20

thickest layer of heart wall; composed of cardiac muscle fibers; has the ability to contract & relax

Answer 20

myocardium

Question 21

blood flow through the heart

Answer 21

DEOXYGENATED blood from upper & lower extremities -> superior & inferior vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> left & right lungs (OXYGENATED blood) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body

Question 22

pacemaker of the heart; generates impulse

Answer 22

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Question 23

delays impulse to allow atria to contract

Answer 23

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 24

transmits impulses to ventricles

Answer 24

AV bundle (Bundle of His)

Question 25

carry impulses to respective ventricles

Answer 25

right & left bundle branches

Question 26

distribute impulses, causing ventricular contraction

Answer 26

purkinje fibers

Question 27

atrial depolarization

Answer 27

p wave

Question 28

ventricular depolarization

Answer 28

QRS complex

Question 29

ventricular repolarization

Answer 29

T wave

Question 30

records electrical activity of the heart

Answer 30

electrocardiogram (ecg/ekg)

Question 31

what cycle? : a complete heartbeat (contraction & relaxation of the heart)

Answer 31

cardiac cycle

Question 32

average heart beat (per minute)

Answer 32

~75 times per minute

Question 33

length of cardiac cycle

Answer 33

0.8 seconds

Question 34

cardiac cycle: heart in complete relaxation; the pressure in the heart is low.

Answer 34

mid to late diastole

Question 35

cardiac cycle: pressure within the ventricles increases rapidly; closing the AV valves.

Answer 35

ventricular systole

Question 36

cardiac cycle: ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure drops

Answer 36

early diastole

Question 37

first heart sound; closing of AV valves

Answer 37

lub (longer & larger sound)

Question 38

second heart sound; closing of the SL valves

Answer 38

dub (sharp & short)

Question 39

heart murmurs

Answer 39

abnormal heart sounds (swishing sounds)

Question 40

amount of blood pumped per minute (word)

Answer 40

cardiac output

Question 41

formula for cardiac output

Answer 41

CO = heart rate × stroke volume

Question 42

normal cardiac output

Answer 42

5.25 L/min

Question 43

amount of blood pumped ber beat

Answer 43

stroke volume; ~70mL

Question 44

carry blood away from the heart

Answer 44

arteries

Question 45

carry the blood towards the heart

Answer 45

veins

Question 46

exchange of gases, nutrients, & wastes (smallest blood vessels)

Answer 46

capillary

Question 47

innermost layer of blood vessels; made up of simple squamous epithelium

Answer 47

tunica intima

Question 48

middle layer of blood vessels; elastic fibers; constrict & dilate

Answer 48

tunica media

Question 49

outermost layer of blood vessels; protects blood vessels

Answer 49

tunica externa

Question 50

what is blood pressure?

Answer 50

it is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps it around the body

Question 51

what measures blood pressure

Answer 51

millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Question 52

the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles contract; 1st heartbeat (top #)

Answer 52

systolic pressure

Question 53

the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes; last beat (bottom #)

Answer 53

diastolic pressure

Question 54

normal BP

Answer 54

120/80 mmHg

Question 55

normal bpm

Answer 55

60-100 bpm

Question 56

condition wherein the bpm is lower than 60

Answer 56

bradycardia

Question 57

condition wherein the bpm is higher than 100

Answer 57

tachycardia

Question 58

inflammation in the myocardium

Answer 58

myocarditis

Question 59

inflammation in the endocardium

Answer 59

endocarditis

Question 60

inflammation in the epicardium

Answer 60

epicarditis

Question 61

swelling that occurs in the extremities caused by backflow of blood to the body

Answer 61

peripheral edema

Question 62

excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces of the lungs caused by backflow of blood to the lungs

Answer 62

pulmonary edema

Question 63

narrowing of aorta that can result into heart failure

Answer 63

aortic stenosis

Question 64

backflow of blood to the left atrium

Answer 64

mitral valve regurgitation

Question 65

failure of the valves to close

Answer 65

regurgitation

Question 66

divides the two atria

Answer 66

interatrial septum

Question 67

divides the two ventricles

Answer 67

interventricular septum

Question 68

70% blood: passively 30% blood: ______ ____

Answer 68

atrial kick