CHAPTER 7: Digestive System Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
organs of the alimentary canal
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
- anus
2
Q
another term for alimentary canal
A
gastrointestinal tract
3
Q
where food enters through
A
mouth/oral cavity
4
Q
protects the anterior opening of the mouth
A
lips
5
Q
form the lateral walls of mouth
A
cheeks
6
Q
forms the anterior roof of mouth
A
hard palate
7
Q
forms the posterior roof of mouth
A
soft palate
8
Q
dangles from the posterior edge of the soft palate
A
uvula
9
Q
floor of the mouth
A
tongue
10
Q
passageway of air
A
nasopharynx
11
Q
contains tonsils; passageway of food, fluids, & air
A
oropharynx
12
Q
passageway of food, fluids, & air
A
laryngopharynx
13
Q
runs from the pharynx through the diaphragm to the stomach; about 25cm/10in long
A
esophagus
14
Q
innermost wall of the Ali. C. organs; lines the hollow cavity or lumen of the organ
A
mucosa
15
Q
found just beneath the mucosa; where blood vessels & nerve endings are found
A
submucosa
16
Q
made up of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle cells
A
muscularis externa
17
Q
outermost wall of the Ali. C. organs
A
serosa
18
Q
c-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity; “storage tank”
A
stomach
19
Q
length of stomach
A
15-25 cm / 6-10 inches
20
Q
region of stomach that surrounds the cardio esophageal sphincter
A
cardia
21
Q
expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardial region
A
fundus
22
Q
midportion of the stomach
A
body
23
Q
convex lateral surface of the (body) of stomach
A
greater curvature
24
Q
concave medial surface of the (body) of stomach
A
lesser curvature
25
terminal part of stomach; continuous with the small intestine thrj the pyloric sphincter
pylorus
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products of stomach
- productive layer of mucus
- gastric juice
27
how gastric juice is produced
gastric pits -> gastric glands (gastrin) -> gastric juice
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components of gastric juice
intrinsic factor: protein that helps absorb Vit B12
chief cells: releases pepsinogen which becomes pepsin: an enzyme that breaks down protein
parietal cells: produces hydrochloric acid which converts pepsinogen into pepsin
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chewed food
bolus
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partly digested food
chyme
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body's major digestive organ & is the longest section of the alimentary tube which extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine (ave length: 2-4m/7-13ft)
small intestine
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subdivisions of small intestine
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum (joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve)
34
digestive enzymes of small intestine
- amylase: carbon
- lipase: fats
- protease : protein
35
finger-like projections that line the inner surface of small intestine; increases the surface area for absorption
villi
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absorbs fat & proteins (inside villi)
capillary bed & lacteal
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breaks down large fat globules into smaller fragments; tiny projections on the villi
microvilli
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difference of small intestine & large intestine
small intestine is longer but smaller in diameter while large intestine is much larger in diameter but shorter in length
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major function of large intestine
dries out indigestible food residue by absorbing water and eliminates it as feces
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organ that is 1.5km/5ft long that extends from ileocecal valve to the anus
large intestine
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subdivisions of large intestine
1. cecum
2. appendix
3. colon
4. rectum
5. anal canal
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parts of colon
1. ascending colon
- right colic flexure (hepatic)
2. transverse colon
- left colic flexure (splenic)
3. descending colon
- teniae coli (three bands)
4. sigmoid colon
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produces mucus
goblet cells
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pocket-like sacs in the colon that creates segmented appearance of the colon
haustrum
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accessory digestive organs
teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
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tears & grinds food breaking it down into smaller fragments
teeth
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two sets of teeth
1. deciduous teeth or baby/milk teeth
2. permanent teeth
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when does deciduous teeth begin to erupt?
around 6 months
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a baby has a full set of __ teeth by the age of _
20 teeth; 2 y/o
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permanent teeth in full set
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first tooth to erupt
lower central incisor
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full set baby teeth
4 incisors (8 upper & lower jaw)
2 canines (4 upper & lower jaw)
4 molars (8 upper jaw & lower jaw)
total of 20 deciduous teeth
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full set of adult teeth
4 incisors (8 upper & lower jaw)
2 canines (4 upper & lower jaw)
4 pre molars (8 upper jaw & lower jaw)
6 molars (12 upper jaw & lower jaw)
total of 32 adult teeth
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mixture of mucus & serous fluids
saliva
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function of saliva
lubrication & aids digestion
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salivary glands
1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland
3. sublingual gland
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largest salivary glands
parotid gland
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triangular gland that extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum
pancreas
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what does the pancreas produce?
insulin & glucagon
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location of pancreas
retriperitoneal
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pathway of enzymes to the small intestine
pancreatic duct
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largest gland in the body
liver
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where is liver located?
under the diaphragm more to the right side of the body & almost completely covers the stomach
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what does the liver produce?
bile
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function of bile
emulsifies fats
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small, thin-walled green sac that snuggles in a shallow fossa in the interior surface of the liver; stores bile
gallbladder
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pathway of bile to the small intestine
bile duct
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common connection of the ducts
hematopancreatic ampulla
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gastrointestinal processes
1. Ingestion
2. Propulsion
3. Food breakdown
4. Digestion
5. Absorption
6. Defecation
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explain ingestion
it is when food is placed into the mouth
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explain propulsion
movement of food along the digestive tract; food is propelled from one organ to another.
- peristalsis: major means of propelling chyme (occurs throughout the GI tract)
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explain food breakdown (mechanical)
mechanical breakdown of food; when food is broken down to smaller fragments
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explain food breakdown (chemical/digestion)
chemical breakdown of food; large food molecules are chemically broken down to their building blocks by enzymes (broken down by water & digestive enzymes)
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explain absorption
transport ot digestive end products from the lumen of GI tract to the blood or lymph
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explain defecation
elimination of indigenous residues. end product: feces
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buccal phase (voluntary)
larynx down, epiglottis up; bolus is forced into the pharynx
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pharyngeal-esophageal phase (involuntary)
epiglottis down, larynx up; transports food through the pharynx into the esophagus
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two phases of deglutition (swallowing)
buccal phase & pharyngeal-esophageal phase
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protective mechanism to expel food from trachea to mouth
coughing reflex
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activities of stomach
- food breakdown: secretion of gastric juice by the gastric glands
- food propulsion: stomach to SI
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activies of small intestine
- chyme breakdown & absorption
- chyme propulsion
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major means of propelling chyme
peristalsis
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activities of large intestine
- nutrient breakdown & absorption
- propulsion of food residue & defectation
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facilitates fermentation of dietary fibers
normal flora or microbiota
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slow, segmenting movements that occur in the large intestine
haustral contractions
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physiological process that allows body to expel feces
defecation reflex
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differentiate peristalsis & segmentation
peristalsis happens throughout the GI tract; one-way
segmentation happens only in the intestine; there is mixing of chyme
