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Chapter 6: Enlightenment & Revolution Flashcards

0
Q

What’s geocentric theory? And who made it?

A

That everything revolved around Earth and Aristotle

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1
Q

Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Revolution 1550-1789

-Sasha Tomic

A

.

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2
Q

What started the Scientific Revolution?

A

People questioning the geocentric theory

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3
Q

What is Scientific Revolution?

A

Based on careful observation and questioning accepted beliefs

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4
Q

Copernicus

A
  • studied planetary movement
  • heliocentric theory
  • wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
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5
Q

What’s heliocentric theory?

A

Determines planets and stars revolved around sun

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6
Q

Brahe

A

Continued Copernicus’ work

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7
Q

Kepler

A
  • Brahe’s assistant
  • genius mathematician
  • says we move in elliptical orbits
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8
Q

Galileo

A
  • built his own telescope
  • Starry Messenger
  • Jupiter has 4 moons, sun has dark spots, and moon surface was uneven
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9
Q

Galileo Facts

A
  • Catholic church warns him to stop going against church teachings
  • wrote Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
  • Trial in Rome, signs confession saying Copernicus is wrong
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10
Q

What’s Scientific Method?

A

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

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11
Q

Bacon

A

Encouraged scientists to experiment and draw their own conclusions

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12
Q

Descartes

A

-analytical geometry- important tool for research

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13
Q

Newton

A
  • wrote The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

- gravity

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14
Q

Janssen

A

Invented first microscope

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15
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Bacteria and red blood cells, improves microscope

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16
Q

Torricelli

A

First mercury barometer

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17
Q

Fahrenheit

A

Thermometer, mercury and glass

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18
Q

Celsius

A

Thermometer

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19
Q

Vesalius

A
  • dissected human corpses
  • published book
  • detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscles
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20
Q

Jenner

A

Smallpox vaccine from cowpox

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21
Q

Boyle

A

Founder of modern chemistry, determined matter was made up of smaller primary particles that joined together

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22
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Volume, temperature, pressure of gas affect each other

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23
Q

Enlightenment

A

“Age of Reason”

Intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

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24
Hobbes
- says humans are naturally selfish and wicked | - believes social contract is between leader and people
25
Locke
- says people learn from themselves and everyone is born with 3 natural rights - **Believed governments power came from the consent of the governed**
26
What did Locke say the 3 natural rights are?
- LIFE - LIBERTY - PROPERTY
27
Philosophes
- social critics - apply reason to all aspects of life - french
28
KNOW 5 CONCEPTS OF CORE BELIEF
It's really long, so I didn't write it, but look at page 196!
29
Voltaire
- Published 70 books - used satire - fought for freedom of speech
30
Rousseau
- individual freedoms - says only good government is one formed freely by people - believes social contract is between people only
31
Beccaria
-justice system- speedy trial, never use torture, punishment based on crime, no capital punishment
32
Wollstonecraft
- women | - fought for education and equal rights
33
Legacy of Enlightment
- belief in progress, more secular outlook | - importance of individual
34
Paris
Considered capital of Enlightenment
35
Diderot
-ENCYCLOPEDIA- collection of articles and essays (1751)
36
What helped spread Enlightenment?
- Encyclopedia - newspaper - songs - pamphlets
37
What were the 2 art styles?
Baroque and Neoclassical
38
Baroque
- Grand, ornate | - old art
39
Neoclassical
"new classical" - simple and elegant - new art
40
3 music composers?
Haydn Mozart Beethoven *lighter and more elegant*
41
New form of literature?
NOVEL
42
Richardson
- wrote first English novel | - gave characterization
43
Enlightened despots
"absolute ruler" - embraced new ideas and reforms based on Enlightenment ideals - makes country stronger and rule more effective
44
Three important enlightened despots?
- Frederick the Great - Joseph II - Catherine the Great
45
Frederick the Great
- granted religious freedom - reduced censorship - reformed justice system - abolished torture - "servant of the state" - Prussia
46
Joseph II
- Austria - legal reforms - freedom of press and worship - abolished serfdom - peasants paid in cash
47
Catherine the Great
- recommended religious toleration - no capital punishment - wanted access to Black Sea
48
Partition of Poland
- disappeared from map of Europe | - **Russia, Austria, and Prussia grabbed the territories** (RAP)
49
George III
King of England
50
Navigation Act
-colonists had to sell most valuable products to Britain and pay high taxes on imports from France and Netherlands (This way they only bought from British)
51
Stamp Act
- official stamp on any printed material | - 1st tax directly paid to British government
52
Petition of Rights
-colonist say Stamp Act violated their rights- no taxation without representation
53
Boston Tea Party
-protest in import tax of tea
54
First Continental Congress
- in Philadelphia | - sent letters to protest king
55
American Revolution
-British soldiers and American militia men fired at each other
56
Second Continental Congress
- voted to raise an army and gave command to George Washington - Declaration of Independence wrote by Thomas Jefferson
57
4 reasons America wins Revolution?
- motivation - British generals were over confident - time - had help
58
Articles of Confederation
-weak nat'l gov't, no executive or judicial branch, only one body, Congress, each state had one vote, no power to collect taxes or regulate trade, 9/13 vote needed
59
Constitutional Convention
- revised the AofC | - 55 delegates
60
federal system
-power divided between national and state government
61
Checks and balances
Branches crack each other to make sure one doesn't have too much power
62
Federalists
-support constitution
63
Anti-Federalists
- against new constitution | - want Bill of Rights

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