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neuroscience > chapter 6: hearing, balance, taste, and smell > Flashcards

chapter 6: hearing, balance, taste, and smell Flashcards

1
Q

auditory system

A

detects changes in the vibration of air molecules that are caused by sound sources
intensity: decibels
frequency: hertz

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2
Q

transduced

A

conversion of one energy to an action potential that inform the brain

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3
Q

pure tone

A

a tone with a single frequency of vibration

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4
Q

amplitude
frequency

A

amplitude=intensity/loudness
frequency=pitch

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5
Q

fundamental and harmonies

A

basic frequency
-multiple of a fundamental

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6
Q

pinnae

A

external part of an ear

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7
Q

ear (auditory) canal

A

tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane

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8
Q

middle ear

A

contains tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window

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9
Q

tympanic membrane

A

(eardrum) taut membrane, at the inner end of the ear canal that captures sound vibrations in air

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10
Q

ossicles

A

three small bones that transmit vibration across the middle ear, from tympanic membrane to oval window

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11
Q

oval window

A

location of the cochlea at which vibrations are transmitted from ossicles to interior of the cochlea

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12
Q

cochlea

A

converts vibrations into sound

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13
Q

scala vestibuli

A

contains receptor system, organ of corti, which converts vibration into neural activity
(hair cells, elaborate framework of supporting cells, and auditory nerve terminals that transmit neural signals to and from the brain)

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14
Q

basalar membrane

A

auditory transduction

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15
Q

hair cells

A

auditory sensory cells

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16
Q

tectorial membrane

A

a gelatinous membrane

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17
Q

stereocilia

A

a tiny bristle that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system

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18
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

cranial nerve Vlll which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei

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19
Q

cochlear nucli

A

receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei

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20
Q

superior olivary nuclei

A

receive input from both left and right cochlea nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information

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21
Q

inferior colliculi

A

paired grey matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

22
Q

medial geniculate nuclei

A

in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex

23
Q

tonotopic organization

A

neurons are internally arranged according to an orderly map of sound frequencies from low to high

24
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

processes complex sounds transmitted from lower auditory pathways

25
Q

place codin theory

A

pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane

26
Q

temporal coding theory

A

frequency of auditory stimuli is encoded in the rate of firing of auditory neurons

27
Q

interaural intensity differences

A

a perceived loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source

28
Q

interaural temporal differences

A

differences between the two ears in the time of arrival

29
Q

spectral filtering

A

the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some frequencies in a sound

30
Q

conduction deafness

A

ears fail to convert sound vibrations in air into waves of fluid in the cochlea

31
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

permanent damage or destruction of hair cells or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain

32
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing in the ears

33
Q

central deafness

A

auditory brain areas are damaged by strokes, tumors, or traumatic injuries

34
Q

cortical deafness

A

patients have more-complete impairment, struggling to recognize all complex sounds, whether verbal or nonverbal

35
Q

vestibular system

A

sensory system that detects balance. consists of several small inner-ear structures that adjoin the cochlea

36
Q

semicircular canals

A

fluid filled tubes in the inner ear that detect angular acceleration in a particular direction

37
Q

ampulla

A

enlarge region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells of the vestibular system

38
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve Vlll

39
Q

motion sickness

A

when we receive contradictory sensory messages, especially a discrepancy between vestibular and visual information

40
Q

flavor

A

sense of taste combined with the sense of smell

40
Q

taste

A

detected by the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

41
Q

papillea

A

bumps on tongue, contain most of the taste receptors cells

41
Q

gustatory system

A

sensory system that detects taste

42
Q

olfaction

A

sensory system that detects smell

43
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a sheet of olfactory receptors and other cells that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions

44
Q

olfactory bulb

A

provides receptors for smell

45
Q

glomerulus

A

a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells; receives inputs exclusively from olfactory neurons that are expressing the same type of olfactory receptor

46
Q

pheromones

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body of the animal and affects other members of the same species

47
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

a collection of specialized receptor cells that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain

48
Q

trace amine-associated receptors

A

any one of a family of probable pheramone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium

neuroscience (23 decks)

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