chapter 6: hearing, balance, taste, and smell

Question 1

auditory system

Answer 1

detects changes in the vibration of air molecules that are caused by sound sources
intensity: decibels
frequency: hertz

Question 2

transduced

Answer 2

conversion of one energy to an action potential that inform the brain

Question 3

pure tone

Answer 3

a tone with a single frequency of vibration

Question 4

amplitude
frequency

Answer 4

amplitude=intensity/loudness
frequency=pitch

Question 5

fundamental and harmonies

Answer 5

basic frequency
-multiple of a fundamental

Question 6

pinnae

Answer 6

external part of an ear

Question 7

ear (auditory) canal

Answer 7

tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane

Question 8

middle ear

Answer 8

contains tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window

Question 9

tympanic membrane

Answer 9

(eardrum) taut membrane, at the inner end of the ear canal that captures sound vibrations in air

Question 10

ossicles

Answer 10

three small bones that transmit vibration across the middle ear, from tympanic membrane to oval window

Question 11

oval window

Answer 11

location of the cochlea at which vibrations are transmitted from ossicles to interior of the cochlea

Question 12

cochlea

Answer 12

converts vibrations into sound

Question 13

scala vestibuli

Answer 13

contains receptor system, organ of corti, which converts vibration into neural activity
(hair cells, elaborate framework of supporting cells, and auditory nerve terminals that transmit neural signals to and from the brain)

Question 14

basalar membrane

Answer 14

auditory transduction

Question 15

hair cells

Answer 15

auditory sensory cells

Question 16

tectorial membrane

Answer 16

a gelatinous membrane

Question 17

stereocilia

Answer 17

a tiny bristle that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system

Question 18

vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 18

cranial nerve Vlll which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei

Question 19

cochlear nucli

Answer 19

receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei

Question 20

superior olivary nuclei

Answer 20

receive input from both left and right cochlea nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information

Question 21

inferior colliculi

Answer 21

paired grey matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

Question 22

medial geniculate nuclei

Answer 22

in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex

Question 23

tonotopic organization

Answer 23

neurons are internally arranged according to an orderly map of sound frequencies from low to high

Question 24

primary auditory cortex

Answer 24

processes complex sounds transmitted from lower auditory pathways

Question 25

place codin theory

Answer 25

pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane

Question 26

temporal coding theory

Answer 26

frequency of auditory stimuli is encoded in the rate of firing of auditory neurons

Question 27

interaural intensity differences

Answer 27

a perceived loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source

Question 28

interaural temporal differences

Answer 28

differences between the two ears in the time of arrival

Question 29

spectral filtering

Answer 29

the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some frequencies in a sound

Question 30

conduction deafness

Answer 30

ears fail to convert sound vibrations in air into waves of fluid in the cochlea

Question 31

sensorineural deafness

Answer 31

permanent damage or destruction of hair cells or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain

Question 32

tinnitus

Answer 32

ringing in the ears

Question 33

central deafness

Answer 33

auditory brain areas are damaged by strokes, tumors, or traumatic injuries

Question 34

cortical deafness

Answer 34

patients have more-complete impairment, struggling to recognize all complex sounds, whether verbal or nonverbal

Question 35

vestibular system

Answer 35

sensory system that detects balance. consists of several small inner-ear structures that adjoin the cochlea

Question 36

semicircular canals

Answer 36

fluid filled tubes in the inner ear that detect angular acceleration in a particular direction

Question 37

ampulla

Answer 37

enlarge region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells of the vestibular system

Question 38

vestibular nuclei

Answer 38

brainstem nuclei that receive information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve Vlll

Question 39

motion sickness

Answer 39

when we receive contradictory sensory messages, especially a discrepancy between vestibular and visual information

Question 40

flavor

Answer 40

sense of taste combined with the sense of smell

Question 40

taste

Answer 40

detected by the tongue: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami

Question 41

papillea

Answer 41

bumps on tongue, contain most of the taste receptors cells

Question 41

gustatory system

Answer 41

sensory system that detects taste

Question 42

olfaction

Answer 42

sensory system that detects smell

Question 43

olfactory epithelium

Answer 43

a sheet of olfactory receptors and other cells that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions

Question 44

olfactory bulb

Answer 44

provides receptors for smell

Question 45

glomerulus

Answer 45

a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells; receives inputs exclusively from olfactory neurons that are expressing the same type of olfactory receptor

Question 46

pheromones

Answer 46

a chemical signal that is released outside the body of the animal and affects other members of the same species

Question 47

vomeronasal organ

Answer 47

a collection of specialized receptor cells that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain

Question 48

trace amine-associated receptors

Answer 48

any one of a family of probable pheramone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium