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neuroscience > chapter 10: Biological rhythms and sleep > Flashcards

chapter 10: Biological rhythms and sleep Flashcards

1
Q

biological rhythms

A

are regular fluctuations in any living process

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2
Q

circadian rhythms

A

about 24 hours

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3
Q

free-running

A

a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

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4
Q

phase shift

A

a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light

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5
Q

entrainment

A

the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

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6
Q

zeitgeber

A

the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms (usually the light-dark cycle)

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7
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

small region of the hypothalamus that is the location of a circadian clock for drinking, locomotion, behavior, and of hormone secretion

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8
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

carries light information from the eye to the SCN

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9
Q

electroencephalographs (EEG)

A

record electrical activity in the brain that can be used to classify levels of arousal and sleep

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10
Q

Rapid-eye-movement (REM)

A

stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid-eye movements

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11
Q

non-REM sleep

A

presence of distinctive EEG activity that differs from that seen in REM sleep

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12
Q

desynchronized EEG

A

(beta activity) pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

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13
Q

alpha rhythm

A

8-12 hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

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14
Q

vertex spike

A

sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

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15
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

initial stage of non-REM sleep, small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension

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16
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles

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17
Q

sleep spindles

A

12-14 hz wave in EEG in stage 2 sleep

18
Q

K complexes

A

sharp, negative EEG potential in stage 2 sleep

19
Q

stage 3 sleep (slow wave sleep)

A

stage of non-REM with the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves

20
Q

delta waves

A

slowest type of EEG wave; about 1 per second

21
Q

nightmares

A

long, frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper

22
Q

night terror

A

sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

23
Q

sleep deprivation

A

partial or total prevention of sleep

24
Q

sleep recovery

A

process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

25
Q

fatal familial insomnia

A

inherited disease that causes people in middle age to stop sleeping, which after a few months results in death

26
Q

4 functions ascribed to sleep

A
  1. energy conservation
  2. niche adaptation
  3. body and brain restoration
  4. memory consolidation
27
Q

ecological niche

A

unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

28
Q

4 interacting neural systems during sleep

A

1) forebrain system that generates SWS
2) brainstem system that activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness
3) pontine system that triggers REM sleep
4) hypothalamic system that coordinates the other three brain regions to determine what state we’re in

29
Q

basal forebrain

A

where constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated

30
Q

reticular formation

A

region of the brainstem, extending from the medulla through the thalamus that is involved in sleep and arousal

31
Q

narcolepsy

A

frequent, intense attacks of sleep that lasts 5-30 minutes and can occur at any time during usual waking hours

32
Q

cataplexy

A

sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness

33
Q

orexin

A

neurons of the hypothalamic appetite system that promote feeding behavior

34
Q

sleep paralysis

A

temporary inability to move or talk either just before dropping off the sleep or just after waking up

35
Q

sleep enuresis

A

bed wetting

36
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

37
Q

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

A

organized behavior by a person who appears to be asleep

38
Q

sleep-onset insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep

39
Q

sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

difficulty in staying asleep

40
Q

sleep apnea

A

respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the sleeper

41
Q

SIDS

A

might be caused by sleep apnea

neuroscience (23 decks)

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