chapter 10: Biological rhythms and sleep

Question 1

biological rhythms

Answer 1

are regular fluctuations in any living process

Question 2

circadian rhythms

Answer 2

about 24 hours

Question 3

free-running

Answer 3

a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

Question 4

phase shift

Answer 4

a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light

Question 5

entrainment

Answer 5

the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

Question 6

zeitgeber

Answer 6

the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms (usually the light-dark cycle)

Question 7

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 7

small region of the hypothalamus that is the location of a circadian clock for drinking, locomotion, behavior, and of hormone secretion

Question 8

retinohypothalamic pathway

Answer 8

carries light information from the eye to the SCN

Question 9

electroencephalographs (EEG)

Answer 9

record electrical activity in the brain that can be used to classify levels of arousal and sleep

Question 10

Rapid-eye-movement (REM)

Answer 10

stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid-eye movements

Question 11

non-REM sleep

Answer 11

presence of distinctive EEG activity that differs from that seen in REM sleep

Question 12

desynchronized EEG

Answer 12

(beta activity) pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

Question 13

alpha rhythm

Answer 13

8-12 hz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

Question 14

vertex spike

Answer 14

sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

Question 15

stage 1 sleep

Answer 15

initial stage of non-REM sleep, small amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension

Question 16

stage 2 sleep

Answer 16

bursts of EEG waves called sleep spindles

Question 17

sleep spindles

Answer 17

12-14 hz wave in EEG in stage 2 sleep

Question 18

K complexes

Answer 18

sharp, negative EEG potential in stage 2 sleep

Question 19

stage 3 sleep (slow wave sleep)

Answer 19

stage of non-REM with the presence of large-amplitude, slow delta waves

Question 20

delta waves

Answer 20

slowest type of EEG wave; about 1 per second

Question 21

nightmares

Answer 21

long, frightening dreams that awaken the sleeper

Question 22

night terror

Answer 22

sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

Question 23

sleep deprivation

Answer 23

partial or total prevention of sleep

Question 24

sleep recovery

Answer 24

process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

Question 25

fatal familial insomnia

Answer 25

inherited disease that causes people in middle age to stop sleeping, which after a few months results in death

Question 26

4 functions ascribed to sleep

Answer 26

1. energy conservation 2. niche adaptation 3. body and brain restoration 4. memory consolidation

Question 27

ecological niche

Answer 27

unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

Question 28

4 interacting neural systems during sleep

Answer 28

1) forebrain system that generates SWS 2) brainstem system that activates the sleeping forebrain into wakefulness 3) pontine system that triggers REM sleep 4) hypothalamic system that coordinates the other three brain regions to determine what state we're in

Question 29

basal forebrain

Answer 29

where constant SWS activity in the forebrain is generated

Question 30

reticular formation

Answer 30

region of the brainstem, extending from the medulla through the thalamus that is involved in sleep and arousal

Question 31

narcolepsy

Answer 31

frequent, intense attacks of sleep that lasts 5-30 minutes and can occur at any time during usual waking hours

Question 32

cataplexy

Answer 32

sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness

Question 33

orexin

Answer 33

neurons of the hypothalamic appetite system that promote feeding behavior

Question 34

sleep paralysis

Answer 34

temporary inability to move or talk either just before dropping off the sleep or just after waking up

Question 35

sleep enuresis

Answer 35

bed wetting

Question 36

somnambulism

Answer 36

sleepwalking

Question 37

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

Answer 37

organized behavior by a person who appears to be asleep

Question 38

sleep-onset insomnia

Answer 38

difficulty in falling asleep

Question 39

sleep-maintenance insomnia

Answer 39

difficulty in staying asleep

Question 40

sleep apnea

Answer 40

respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the sleeper

Question 41

SIDS

Answer 41

might be caused by sleep apnea